UGC NET Economics 2023 Unit 3: Statistics and Econometrics PYQs (English–Hindi)

UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2023 · UNIT 3

Statistics and Econometrics PYQs
सांख्यिकी और अर्थमिति के प्रश्न

June2023 · 20June2023 · ShiftI
जून2023 · 20जून2023 · पालीI

Probability and distributions
प्रायिकता और वितरण

Question 4 / प्रश्न 4

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Probability statements: A P(A)≥0; B P(S)=1; C P(∪ᵢAᵢ)=ΣᵢP(Aᵢ) for pair wise disjoint events; D P(A)≤0; E the same sum for arbitrary sets Sᵢ.
Probability axioms: A P(A)≥0; B P(S)=1; C disjoint Aᵢ पर P(∪Aᵢ)=ΣP(Aᵢ); D P(A)≤0; E arbitrary Sᵢ के लिए वही additivity।

(a) A and B only
(a) A और B केवल
(b) A, B and D only
(b) A, B और D केवल
(c) A, B and E only
(c) A, B और E केवल
(d) A, B and C only
(d) A, B और C केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) A, B and C only
उत्तर: (d) A, B और C केवल

Explanation: Probability requires nonnegativity, normalisation, and count able additivity for disjoint events.

व्याख्या: Nonnegativity, normalisation और count able additivity for mutually disjoint events axioms हैं। Overlapping events में simple sum double counts करता है। इसलिए C के साथ disjoint condition जरूरी है।

Question 7 / प्रश्न 7

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The merchant's file of 20 accounts contains 6 delinquent and 14 non-delinquent. An auditor randomly selects 5 of these accounts for examination. What is the probability that the auditor finds exactly 2 delinquent cases?
20 accounts में 6 delinquent; बिना replacement5 चुनने पर exactly2 delinquent की probability?

(a) 0.2562
(a) 0.2562
(b) 0.3
(b) 0.3
(c) 0.3087
(c) 0.3087
(d) 0.4526
(d) 0.4526
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: No option: 0.3522
उत्तर: कोई option सही नहीं

Explanation: C(6,2)C(14,3)/C(20,5)=.3522; no listed value matches.

व्याख्या: Hypergeometric P=C(6,2)C(14,3)/C(20,5)=5460/15504≈.35217। Printed(c).3087 इस calculation से नहीं मिलता।

Question 12 / प्रश्न 12

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A company has 140 employees, of which 30 are supervisors, 80 of the employees are married, are 20% of the married employee are supervisors. If a company employee is randomly selected, what is the probability that the employee is married and is a supervisor?
140 employees,80 married, married में 20% supervisors: married AND supervisor की probability?

(a) 0.1531
(a) 0.1531
(b) 0.1253
(b) 0.1253
(c) 0.0923
(c) 0.0923
(d) 0.1143
(d) 0.1143
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) 0.1143
उत्तर: (d) 0.1143

Explanation: The joint count is.2×80=16; 16/140=.1143.

व्याख्या: Joint count=.20×80=16; P=16/140=.1142857≈.1143। Total supervisors30 joint count का denominator नहीं; sample space सभी 140 हैं।

Regression and econometrics
प्रतिगमन और अर्थमिति

Question 21 / प्रश्न 21

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Which of the following are not symptoms of multicollinearity in a regression model. A. High R2 with few significant t ratio for coefficients. B. High pair-wise correlations among regressors. C. The closer the Tolerance (TOLj) is to zero. D. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) of a variable is below 10. E. The closer the Tolerance (TOLj) is to 1.
Multicollinearity symptoms नहीं: A high R²fewt; B high pair correlation; C TOLnear0; D VIFbelow10; E TOLnear1।

(a) C and D only
(a) C और D केवल
(b) D and E only
(b) D और E केवल
(c) A and C only
(c) A और C केवल
(d) B and C only
(d) B और C केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) D and E only
उत्तर: (b) D और E केवल

Explanation: Tolerance near1indicates little linear dependence; VIF10is only a heuristic threshold.

व्याख्या: TOL=1−Rⱼ² और VIF=1/TOL। TOLnear1 little linear dependence दिखाता है। VIF10 rule only heuristic है; below10 collinearity बिल्कुल absent होने की guarantee नहीं।

Question 23 / प्रश्न 23

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Sequence of steps followed in the estimation of Indirect Least Square (ILS) starting from the beginning: A. Identification of the structural equations B. Application of OLS C. Obtaining reduced coefficients D. Obtaining reduced form equation E. Use the model for policy
ILS steps: A identify; B OLS; C reduced coefficients; D reduced form; E policy use।

(a) A, D, B, C and E
(a) A, D, B, C और E
(b) A, B, D, C and E
(b) A, B, D, C और E
(c) B, D A, E and C
(c) B, D A, E और C
(d) B, A, C, D and E
(d) B, A, C, D और E
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) A, D, B, C and E
उत्तर: (a) A, D, B, C और E

Explanation: Identify, derive reduced forms, estimate by OLS, recover structural coefficients, then interpret policy.

व्याख्या: पहले identification, फिर reduced-form equations, उनपर OLS और reduced coefficients। Exactly identified structural coefficients को reduced coefficients से recover करने का महत्वपूर्ण step options में omitted है; उसके बाद policy interpretation।

Question 45 / प्रश्न 45

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To test the incremental contribution of X₃ to an existing regression with X₁, X₂, which F expression is inappropriate? RSS=residual SS; ESS=explained SS.
X₃ add करने का incremental Ftest: कौन printed expression faulty है?

(a) [(R²ᵤ−R²ᵣ)/q]/[(1−R²ᵤ)/(n−kᵤ)]
(a) [(R²ᵤ−R²ᵣ)/q]/[(1−R²ᵤ)/(n−kᵤ)]
(b) (ESS/df)/(RSS/df)
(b) (ESS/df)/(RSS/df)
(c) [(ESSnew−ESSold)/df]/[ESSnew/df]
(c) [(ESSnew−ESSold)/df]/[ESSnew/df]
(d) (R²/df)/[(1−R²)/df]
(d) (R²/df)/[(1−R²)/df]
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) is algebraically wrong; (b)/(d) test overall fit, not this increment
उत्तर: प्रश्न में ambiguity

Explanation: The partial F denominator must use unrestricted residual SS; overall F formulas do not specifically test the added variable.

व्याख्या: Correct partial F=[(RSSᵣ−RSSᵤ)/q]/[RSSᵤ/(n−kᵤ)]। (c) explained SS को denominator बनाता है। (b)/(d) usual overall F हैं; उन्हें specifically added X₃ test कहना भी सही नहीं। केवल (a) direct partial R² form है।

Question 49 / प्रश्न 49

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Match List I with List II.
Econometric diagnostics match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Klein rule
क्लाइननियम
I Structuralbreak
संरचनात्मकविराम
B Ljung–Box
ल्यूंगबॉक्स
II unit root/stationarity
unit root-स्थिरता
C KPSS
केपीएसएस
III Jointautocorrelation
संयुक्त autocorrelation
D Bai–Perron
बाईपेरॉन
IV Multicollinearity
बहुसहरेखीयता
(a) IV III II I
(a) IV III II I
(b) IV III I II
(b) IV III I II
(c) II IV I III
(c) II IV I III
(d) II III IV I
(d) II III IV I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) IV III II I
उत्तर: (a) IV III II I

Explanation: KPSS has a stationarity null; the other matches concern collinearity, autocorrelation, and structural breaks.

व्याख्या: Klein collinearity; Ljung Box residual auto correlations joint test; KPSS null stationarity against unit root; Bai Perron multiple breaks। KPSS को ADF की तरह unit root-null न मानें।

Question 57 / प्रश्न 57

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The Hauman's specification error test is used to test whether
Hausman specification test का intended use?

(a) An exogenous variable is correlated with the error term.
(a) Exogenousvariable को error से correlated मानना।
(b) An endogenous variable is correlated with the error term.
(b) Regressorendogeneity कीजाँच।
(c) Both an exogenous variable is correlated with the error term and an endogenous variable is correlated with the error term.
(c) दोनों कोपूर्वसे correlated मानना।
(d) OLS method is appropriate to estimate the SEM.
(d) हर SEM पर OLSvalid मानना।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) An endogenous variable is correlated with the error term.
उत्तर: (b) Regressorendogeneity कीजाँच।

Explanation: Hausman compares estimators to test exogeneity, conditional on a valid consistent alternative estimator.

व्याख्या: H₀ में relevant regressors exogenous हों तो OLS और valid IV दोनों consistent, OLS efficient होता है। Significant difference OLS endogeneity/inconsistency का evidence देता है, provided IV valid है।

Statistical inference
सांख्यिकीय अनुमान

Question 50 / प्रश्न 50

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Properties of sufficient estimators are A. It may not be unbiased B. It may be unbiased C. It is always consistent D. It is not always consistent E. Minimum variance unbiased estimator
Sufficiency: A biased हो सकता; B unbiased हो सकता; C always consistent; D not always consistent; E necessarily MVUE।

(a) A, B and C only
(a) A, B और C केवल
(b) A, C and E only
(b) A, C और E केवल
(c) A, B, C and D only
(c) A, B, C और D केवल
(d) A, B, C and E only
(d) A, B, C और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: No exact option: A, B, D
उत्तर: पूरा combination अनुपस्थित

Explanation: Sufficiency alone guarantees neither unbiasedness, consistency, nor minimum variance; A, B, D are not offered.

व्याख्या: Sufficiency parameter-information preservation है; unbiasedness, consistency या minimum variance की automatic guarantee नहीं। Normal samplemean और उसका one-to-one transform sufficient हैं, लेकिन transform biased/inconsistent हो सकता है। Source(d) A B C E general statement गलत है।

Time series
काल श्रेणी

Question 77 / प्रश्न 77

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In random walk without drift,
Without drift random walk पर shock का असर?

(a) The effect of shock persists throughout the time period.
(a) स्थायी रहता है।
(b) The effect of shock in the past dies out over time.
(b) समयके साथसमाप्त।
(c) The effect of shock drafts away quickly.
(c) जल्दीहटता।
(d) There is no effect of past shock.
(d) कोई असर नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) The effect of shock persists throughout the time period.
उत्तर: (a) स्थायी रहता है।

Explanation: A unit-root random walk carries each shock permanently into future levels.

व्याख्या: Yₜ=Yₜ₋₁+εₜ में unit root है। Shock future levels में जमा रहता है; differencedseries ΔYₜ=εₜ stationary हो सकती है।