UGC NET Economics June 2025 Micro PYQs with Answers


UGC NET ECONOMICS • UNIT 1 • JUNE 2025

Micro Economics PYQs with Bilingual Answers

29 June 2025 · Shift II | 14 मुख्य Micro questions + 1 Mathematical Economics overlap question

पहले question solve करें, फिर उसके नीचे Answer & Explanation खोलकर answer और reasoning जाँचें।

Exam held on 29 June 2025 Shift II
Warning labels: “Conditional” का अर्थ answer के लिए कोई assumption जरूरी है। “Defective as printed” का अर्थ printed question या options से बिना शर्त एक सही option नहीं निकलता। यहाँ किसी warning को official NTA deletion या answer key correction का दावा न समझें।

Theory of Consumer Behaviour

Q21. Gorman aggregation and wealth expansion paths

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 21 | PDF page 366

Which conditions are required for consumers to exhibit parallel straight wealth expansion paths at any price vector P?
किसी price vector P पर consumers के wealth expansion paths सीधे और एक दूसरे के parallel होने के लिए कौन सी conditions आवश्यक हैं?

A. Preferences admit an indirect utility function of the Gorman form.
Preferences को Gorman form के indirect utility function से व्यक्त किया जा सकता है।

B. Preferences are heterogeneous.
Consumers की preferences अलग अलग हैं।

C. Wealth is equally distributed among all consumers.
सभी consumers के बीच wealth बराबर वितरित है।

D. All consumers have preferences that are homothetic.
सभी consumers की preferences homothetic हैं।

E. All consumers have identical preferences that are quasilinear with respect to the same goods.
सभी consumers की identical preferences उन्हीं goods के संबंध में quasilinear हैं।

(a) A B and C only
केवल A B C

(b) A D and E only
केवल A D E

(c) B C and D only
केवल B C D

(d) A B and D only
केवल A B D

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: Defective as printed. The book gives (b); it requires a correction to D and a standard interpretation of E.
उत्तर: Printed wording में defect है। Book का (b), D को सुधारने और E की standard interpretation पर निर्भर है।

Gorman aggregation requires a common wealth coefficient across consumers. Identical homothetic preferences and quasilinear preferences in the same numeraire are familiar sufficient cases, with the usual domain and interior qualifications.
Gorman aggregation में सभी consumers के लिए common wealth coefficient चाहिए। Identical homothetic preferences तथा एक ही numeraire में quasilinear preferences sufficient cases हैं, उपयुक्त domain और interior conditions के साथ।

Homotheticity alone, as printed in D, does not guarantee parallel paths across different consumers. Equal wealth is unnecessary. Heterogeneity alone is insufficient, but it is compatible with Gorman aggregation.
D में केवल homotheticity लिखी है; इससे अलग consumers के paths का parallel होना निश्चित नहीं होता। Equal wealth जरूरी नहीं। केवल heterogeneous preferences पर्याप्त नहीं, लेकिन वे Gorman aggregation के साथ संभव हैं।

Example: two homothetic consumers who spend respectively 50% and 80% of extra income on X have different marginal consumption patterns. Do not memorise “all homothetic consumers have parallel paths”.
Example: दो homothetic consumers extra income का क्रमशः 50% और 80% X पर खर्च करें तो उनके marginal consumption patterns अलग होंगे। “सभी homothetic consumers के paths parallel होते हैं” याद न करें।

Concept check source: Daisuke Oyama University of Tokyo Aggregate Demand lecture notes pages 4 to 8.

Q23. Elasticities and the price consumption curve

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 23 | PDF page 366

Match List I with List II.
List I को List II से match कीजिए।

List I
सूची I
List II
सूची II
A Income elasticity greater than one
आय लोच एक से अधिक
I Substitute goods
स्थानापन्न वस्तुएँ
B Positive cross price elasticity
धनात्मक cross price elasticity
II Inferior goods
हीन वस्तुएँ
C Downward sloping price consumption curve
नीचे ढलान वाला PCC
III Luxury goods
विलासिता की वस्तुएँ
D Negative income effect
ऋणात्मक income effect
IV Relatively elastic demand
अपेक्षाकृत लोचदार माँग

(a) A IV B II C I D III
A IV B II C I D III

(b) A III B II C I D IV
A III B II C I D IV

(c) A IV B II C III D I
A IV B II C III D I

(d) A III B I C IV D II
A III B I C IV D II

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (d) A III B I C IV D II
उत्तर: (d) A III B I C IV D II

A: when income rises by 10% and demand rises by 15%, income elasticity is 1.5; this is a luxury good. B: a rise in tea price increasing coffee demand illustrates substitutes and positive cross elasticity.
A: income 10% बढ़ने पर demand 15% बढ़े तो income elasticity 1.5 है; यह luxury good है। B: tea की price बढ़ने पर coffee की demand बढ़ना substitutes और positive cross elasticity दिखाता है।

C: in the standard two good diagram with X on the horizontal axis, only the price of X changing, income and the price of Y fixed, a downward PCC segment corresponds to relatively elastic demand for X. A fall in its price increases expenditure on X and reduces purchases of Y.
C: standard two good diagram में X horizontal axis पर हो, केवल X की price बदले तथा income और Y की price fixed हों, तो downward PCC segment X की relatively elastic demand दिखाता है। X की price घटने पर X पर expenditure बढ़ता और Y की purchase घटती है।

D: negative income effect here means demand falls when real income rises, identifying an inferior good. An inferior good need not be Giffen.
D: negative income effect का अर्थ यहाँ real income बढ़ने पर demand घटना है, जिससे inferior good पहचानते हैं। हर inferior good Giffen नहीं होता।

Q30. Inferior and Giffen goods

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 30 | PDF page 368

If the income effect opposes the substitution effect but the substitution effect dominates which type of good is it?
यदि income effect और substitution effect विपरीत direction में हों लेकिन substitution effect अधिक हो तो good किस प्रकार का है?

(a) Normal
सामान्य वस्तु

(b) Inferior but not Giffen
हीन वस्तु लेकिन Giffen नहीं

(c) Giffen
गिफेन वस्तु

(d) Not enough information
पर्याप्त जानकारी नहीं

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (b) Inferior but not Giffen
उत्तर: (b) Inferior लेकिन Giffen नहीं

Opposing income and substitution effects identify an inferior good. Because substitution dominates, the ordinary law of demand still holds.
दोनों effects का opposite होना inferior good बताता है। Substitution effect अधिक होने से सामान्य law of demand बना रहता है।

Example: after a price fall, substitution raises demand by 6 units while the income effect reduces it by 2 units. Net demand rises by 4 units. For a Giffen good the adverse income effect must dominate instead.
Example: price गिरने पर substitution effect demand को 6 units बढ़ाए और income effect 2 units घटाए तो net demand 4 units बढ़ती है। Giffen good में इसके उलट adverse income effect अधिक होना चाहिए।

Q50. Lexicographic preferences

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 50 | PDF page 372

Lexicographic preference violates which axiom of utility theory?
Lexicographic preference utility theory के किस axiom का उल्लंघन करती है?

(a) Transitivity axiom
संक्रमणशीलता का axiom

(b) Convexity axiom
उत्तलता का axiom

(c) Continuity axiom
निरंतरता का axiom

(d) Independence axiom
स्वतंत्रता का axiom

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (c) Continuity axiom
उत्तर: (c) निरंतरता का axiom

A lexicographic consumer first compares the quantity of the highest priority good and considers the second good only when the first quantities tie. An arbitrarily small advantage in the first good can outweigh any finite amount of the second.
Lexicographic consumer पहले सबसे अधिक priority वाले good की quantity compare करता है; पहली quantity बराबर होने पर ही दूसरा good देखता है। पहले good का बहुत छोटा advantage भी दूसरे good की किसी finite quantity से अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हो सकता है।

Example: each bundle (1/n 0) is preferred to (0 1), but as n grows its limit is (0 0), which is worse than (0 1). Preference therefore fails the limit test for continuity. Completeness and transitivity can still hold.
Example: प्रत्येक bundle (1/n 0), bundle (0 1) से preferred है; लेकिन n बढ़ने पर इसका limit (0 0) है, जो (0 1) से worse है। इसलिए continuity का limit test fail होता है। Completeness और transitivity फिर भी हो सकती हैं।

Concept check source: MIT Microeconomic Theory III Problem set 3 solutions Problem 3.

Q54. Consumer equilibrium

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 54 | PDF page 374

Which statements are true regarding the outcome of a consumer optimisation process?
Consumer optimisation के outcome के संबंध में कौन से statements सही हैं?

A. Marginal utility per rupee spent on each good is the same.
हर good पर खर्च किए गए प्रति rupee की marginal utility बराबर है।

B. The marginal rate of substitution equals the ratio of the prices.
MRS goods की price ratio के बराबर है।

C. The consumer reaches the highest indifference curve in the indifference map.
Consumer पूरे indifference map की highest IC पर पहुँचता है।

D. The indifference curve is tangent to the budget line.
IC budget line को tangent करती है।

E. The consumer is indifferent between any two points on the budget line.
Consumer budget line के किसी भी दो points के बीच indifferent है।

(a) A C and E only
केवल A C E

(b) A D and E only
केवल A D E

(c) A B and D only
केवल A B D

(d) A B D and E only
केवल A B D E

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (c) A B and D under a smooth interior optimum
उत्तर: (c) Smooth interior optimum की standard conditions में A B D

Formula name and use: Equimarginal condition and tangency condition identify an interior consumer optimum.
Formula और उपयोग: Equimarginal तथा tangency conditions interior consumer optimum पहचानती हैं।

MUxPx = MUyPy ; MRSxy = PxPy

Example: MUx = 20 and Px = 10 give 2 utility units per rupee; MUy = 10 and Py = 5 also give 2. With the budget exhausted and standard convex preferences, the consumer has no utility gain from a small reallocation.
Example: MUx = 20 और Px = 10 से प्रति rupee 2 utility units मिलते हैं; MUy = 10 और Py = 5 से भी 2 मिलते हैं। Budget exhausted हो और standard convex preferences हों तो छोटी reallocation से utility नहीं बढ़ती।

C omits “attainable”: the optimum is the highest affordable IC, not the highest IC in the entire map. E is false because equal expenditure does not imply equal utility. Corner solutions need not satisfy equality or tangency.
C में “attainable” छूटा है: optimum highest affordable IC है, पूरे map की highest IC नहीं। E गलत है क्योंकि equal expenditure से equal utility जरूरी नहीं। Corner solutions में equality या tangency आवश्यक नहीं होती।

Q68. Utility maximisation numerical

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 68 | PDF page 377 to 378

Given U = (x + 2)(y + 1), Px = 4, Py = 6 and budget 130 find the optimal purchases of x and y.
U = (x + 2)(y + 1), Px = 4, Py = 6 और budget 130 होने पर x और y की optimal purchase निकालिए।

(a) x = 11 y = 16
x = 11 y = 16

(b) x = 15 y = 28
x = 15 y = 28

(c) x = 18 y = 8
x = 18 y = 8

(d) x = 16 y = 11
x = 16 y = 11

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (d) x = 16 y = 11
उत्तर: (d) x = 16 y = 11

Formula name and use: The MRS price ratio rule plus the budget constraint locate the affordable interior optimum.
Formula और उपयोग: MRS price ratio rule और budget constraint मिलकर affordable interior optimum बताते हैं।

MRSxy = MUxMUy = PxPy

Step 1: differentiate utility. An extra unit of x gives y + 1 and an extra unit of y gives x + 2.
Step 1: utility differentiate करें। Extra x की marginal utility y + 1 और extra y की x + 2 है।

MUx = y + 1 ; MUy = x + 2

Step 2: equate MRS to the price ratio and simplify.
Step 2: MRS को price ratio के बराबर रखकर simplify करें।

y + 1x + 2 = 46 ⇒ 3y − 2x = 1

Step 3: combine this with the budget equation. Twice the first relation and the budget give 12y = 132.
Step 3: इसे budget equation के साथ solve करें। पहले relation को twice करके budget से जोड़ने पर 12y = 132 मिलता है।

4x + 6y = 130 ; 6y − 4x = 2 ; y = 11 ; x = 16

Check: 4 times 16 plus 6 times 11 equals 130; utility equals 18 times 12 or 216. On the budget line utility is a strictly concave quadratic in x, so this is the maximum, not merely a stationary point.
Check: 4 × 16 + 6 × 11 = 130 और utility 18 × 12 = 216 है। Budget line पर utility x की strictly concave quadratic है, इसलिए यह maximum है, केवल stationary point नहीं।

Q69. Consumer surplus numerical

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 69 | PDF page 378

With inverse demand P = square root of (9 − x) and quantity x = 5 find consumer surplus.
Inverse demand P = square root of (9 − x) और quantity x = 5 होने पर consumer surplus निकालिए।

P = √9 − x ; x0 = 5

(a) 8/3
8/3

(b) 11/15
11/15

(c) 8/15
8/15

(d) 7/3
7/3

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (a) 8/3
उत्तर: (a) 8/3

Formula name and use: The consumer surplus integral subtracts actual expenditure from willingness to pay up to the quantity bought.
Formula और उपयोग: Consumer surplus integral में खरीदी quantity तक total willingness to pay से actual expenditure घटाते हैं।

CS = x0∫0 P(x) dx − P0x0

Step 1: at quantity 5 the price is 2; actual expenditure is 10.
Step 1: quantity 5 पर price 2 है; actual expenditure 10 है।

P0 = √9 − 5 = 2 ; P0x0 = 10

Step 2: integrate the inverse demand curve from 0 to 5.
Step 2: inverse demand curve को 0 से 5 तक integrate करें।

5∫0 √9 − x dx = 23[932 − 432] = 383

Step 3: subtract the expenditure. Keep the square root in the demand function; dropping it changes the question.
Step 3: actual expenditure घटाएँ। Demand function का square root न हटाएँ, वरना question बदल जाएगा।

CS = 383 − 10 = 83

Theory of Production and Costs

Q28. Euler theorem and constant returns

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 28 | PDF page 367

If Q = f(K L) is a homogeneous production function of degree one which equation satisfies Euler theorem?
यदि Q = f(K L) degree one का homogeneous production function है तो Euler theorem के अनुसार कौन सा equation सही है?

Option a
विकल्प a

∂Q∂K + ∂Q∂L = Q

Option b
विकल्प b

∂Q∂KK + ∂Q∂LL = Q

Option c
विकल्प c

∂Q∂KK + ∂Q∂LL > 1

Option d
विकल्प d

∂Q∂K + ∂Q∂L = 1
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (b) Each marginal product is multiplied by its own input and the results sum to Q
उत्तर: (b) प्रत्येक marginal product को उसके input से multiply करने पर उनका sum Q होता है

Formula name and use: Euler theorem tests the relation between a differentiable homogeneous production function and its marginal products.
Formula और उपयोग: Euler theorem differentiable homogeneous production function और उसके marginal products का relation बताता है।

K ∂Q∂K + L ∂Q∂L = rQ ; r = 1

Worked example: take Q = square root of KL and set K = L = 4. Output is 4 and both marginal products are 1/2. Their weighted sum is 4 times 1/2 plus 4 times 1/2 = 4.
Worked example: Q = square root of KL लें और K = L = 4 रखें। Output 4 तथा दोनों marginal products 1/2 हैं। Weighted sum 4 × 1/2 + 4 × 1/2 = 4 है।

Exam point: degree one means constant returns to scale. Adding unweighted marginal products is not Euler theorem.
Exam point: degree one का अर्थ constant returns to scale है। केवल marginal products को बिना inputs से multiply किए जोड़ना Euler theorem नहीं है।

Game Theory Non Cooperative Games

Q8. Dominated strategies and Nash equilibrium

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 8 | PDF page 362 to 363

Which statements are true about this payoff matrix? The first payoff belongs to Player 1.
इस payoff matrix के बारे में कौन से statements सही हैं? प्रत्येक cell का पहला payoff Player 1 का है।

Player 1
खिलाड़ी 1
Player 2 L Player 2 R
T (1, 5) (0, 3)
M (2, 6) (1, 4)
B (3, 7) (2, 2)

A. Player 1 has two strictly dominated strategies.
Player 1 की दो strategies strictly dominated हैं।

B. None of Player 2 strategies is weakly dominated.
Player 2 की कोई strategy weakly dominated नहीं है।

C. T weakly dominates B.
T strategy B को weakly dominate करती है।

D. Player 1 strategy M will never be used in a Nash equilibrium.
Player 1 की M strategy किसी Nash equilibrium में use नहीं होगी।

E. M strictly dominates T.
M strategy T को strictly dominate करती है।

(a) A B C and E only
केवल A B C E

(b) A D and E only
केवल A D E

(c) B C and D only
केवल B C D

(d) C D and E only
केवल C D E

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (b) A D and E only
उत्तर: (b) केवल A D E

For Player 1, B beats M and T in both columns: its payoffs are 3 and 2, compared with 2 and 1 for M and 1 and 0 for T. Therefore both M and T are strictly dominated. M also strictly dominates T.
Player 1 के लिए B दोनों columns में M और T से बेहतर है: B के payoffs 3 और 2, M के 2 और 1 तथा T के 1 और 0 हैं। इसलिए M और T दोनों strictly dominated हैं। M भी T को strictly dominate करती है।

For Player 2, L beats R in every row: 5 > 3, 6 > 4 and 7 > 2. Thus R is strictly dominated and also satisfies the weak dominance inequalities. B is false and C reverses the dominance relation.
Player 2 के लिए L हर row में R से बेहतर है: 5 > 3, 6 > 4 और 7 > 2। इसलिए R strictly dominated है और weak dominance की inequalities भी satisfy करती है। B गलत और C में dominance की direction उलटी है।

A strictly dominated strategy cannot receive positive probability in Nash equilibrium. The unique equilibrium is row B column L with payoffs (3 7).
Strictly dominated strategy को Nash equilibrium में positive probability नहीं मिलती। Unique equilibrium row B column L है और payoffs (3 7) हैं।

Q19. Game theory concepts

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 19 | PDF page 365

Match List I with List II.
List I को List II से match कीजिए।

List I
सूची I
List II
सूची II
A Playing each strategy with probability
Probability के साथ strategy चुनना
I Nash equilibrium
Nash संतुलन
B Maximum payoff given the other strategy
दूसरे की strategy पर अधिकतम payoff
II Grim trigger strategy
Grim trigger strategy
C Long run behaviour
दीर्घकाल का व्यवहार
III Best response function
Best response function
D Infinite punishment period
अनंत punishment period
IV Mixed strategy
मिश्रित strategy

(a) A II B III C IV D I
A II B III C IV D I

(b) A I B IV C III D II
A I B IV C III D II

(c) A III B II C IV D I
A III B II C IV D I

(d) A IV B III C I D II
A IV B III C I D II

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (d) A IV B III C I D II
उत्तर: (d) A IV B III C I D II

Mixed strategy means a probability distribution over pure strategies. A best response is a strategy maximising payoff given what the other player does. Nash equilibrium is a profile of mutual best responses. Grim trigger switches permanently to punishment after a specified deviation.
Mixed strategy pure strategies पर probability distribution है। Best response दूसरे player की strategy दिए होने पर payoff maximise करने वाली strategy है। Nash equilibrium mutual best responses का profile है। Grim trigger किसी specified deviation के बाद permanent punishment पर चली जाती है।

Example: a 50 50 choice between Heads and Tails is a mixed strategy. “Long run behaviour” is a loose matching clue here; repeated play does not automatically converge to Nash equilibrium. The book explanation also swaps the Roman labels III and IV; the option (d) is the consistent matching.
Example: Heads और Tails को 50 50 probability से चुनना mixed strategy है। यहाँ “Long run behaviour” एक loose clue है; repeated play हमेशा Nash equilibrium तक नहीं पहुँचता। Book explanation में III और IV के labels भी उलटे हैं; consistent matching option (d) है।

Q22. Matching pennies and the missing qualifier

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 22 | PDF page 366

Which game does not have any Nash equilibrium?
किस game में कोई Nash equilibrium नहीं होता है?

(a) BoS game or Battle of the Sexes
BoS या Battle of the Sexes

(b) Stag Hunt game
Stag Hunt game

(c) Matching Pennies game
Matching Pennies game

(d) Prisoner Dilemma
Prisoner Dilemma

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: No option is literally correct as written. With “pure strategy” added the answer is (c).
उत्तर: Printed wording के literal अर्थ में कोई option सही नहीं। “Pure strategy” जोड़ने पर answer (c) है।

Standard Matching Pennies has no pure strategy Nash equilibrium. For every fixed pair of actions one player wants to switch. It does have a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium in which each player chooses Heads and Tails with probability one half each.
Standard Matching Pennies में pure strategy Nash equilibrium नहीं होता। किसी भी fixed action pair पर एक player switch करना चाहता है। लेकिन mixed strategy Nash equilibrium है जिसमें दोनों players Heads और Tails को आधी आधी probability से चुनते हैं।

Exam trap: “no pure strategy equilibrium” does not mean “no Nash equilibrium”. The other listed standard games have pure strategy equilibria.
Exam trap: “Pure strategy equilibrium नहीं” का अर्थ “Nash equilibrium ही नहीं” नहीं है। बाकी listed standard games में pure strategy equilibria होते हैं।

Concept check source: MIT Game Theory Spring 2021 Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium lecture pages 30 to 35.

Market Structures and Firm Equilibrium

Q82. Profit maximisation and a printed coefficient error

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 82 | PDF page 381

A company has total cost C = 100 + 0.0015X squared and total revenue R = 3X. Find the output X that maximises profit.
एक company की total cost C = 100 + 0.0015X squared और total revenue R = 3X है। Profit maximise करने वाला output X निकालिए।

C = 100 + 0.0015X2 ; R = 3X

(a) 120
120

(b) 80
80

(c) 150
150

(d) 100
100

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: X = 1000 from the printed cost function. None of the options is correct.
उत्तर: Printed cost function के अनुसार X = 1000 है। दिए गए options में कोई सही नहीं।

Formula name and use: The profit maximum condition equates marginal revenue and marginal cost and checks that profit curves downward at the solution.
Formula और उपयोग: Profit maximum condition में MR और MC बराबर करते हैं तथा जाँचते हैं कि solution पर profit curve नीचे की ओर curved हो।

π(X) = R(X) − C(X) ; MR = MC

Step 1: form profit and differentiate. The fixed cost 100 has zero derivative.
Step 1: profit function बनाकर differentiate करें। Fixed cost 100 का derivative zero है।

π(X) = 3X − 100 − 0.0015X2
dπdX = 3 − 0.003X = 0 ⇒ X = 30.003 = 1000
d²πdX² = −0.003 < 0

Step 2: the second derivative is negative, confirming the maximum. At X = 1000 revenue is 3000, cost is 1600 and profit is 1400.
Step 2: second derivative negative है, इसलिए maximum confirmed है। X = 1000 पर revenue 3000, cost 1600 और profit 1400 है।

Printed error: the book solution silently changes 0.0015 to 0.015. With that altered cost function output would be 100 and option (d) would fit. Keep these two versions separate; do not choose 100 for the function actually printed in the question.
Printed error: book solution में 0.0015 को बिना बताए 0.015 कर दिया गया है। उस बदले function से output 100 और option (d) मिलता है। दोनों versions अलग रखें; actual printed function के लिए 100 न चुनें।

Factor Pricing

Q36. Marginal productivity theory

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 36 | PDF page 369

If input and output markets are competitive and firms maximise profit what does each factor earn in equilibrium?
Input और output markets competitive हों और firms profit maximise करें तो equilibrium में हर factor क्या earn करता है?

(a) Output price times total output
Output price गुणा total output

(b) An amount allocated politically
Political process से निर्धारित amount

(c) An equal share of output
Output का बराबर हिस्सा

(d) The value of its marginal product
उसके marginal product का value

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (d) The value of its marginal product
उत्तर: (d) Value of marginal product

Formula name and use: The competitive factor hiring rule equates the price of a factor to the revenue generated by its marginal unit.
Formula और उपयोग: Competitive factor hiring rule में factor price को उसकी marginal unit से मिलने वाले revenue के बराबर रखते हैं।

w = VMPL = P × MPL

Example: if an extra worker produces 5 extra units and each sells for 20, that worker marginal product is worth 100. Profit maximising hiring equates the wage to that value at the margin.
Example: extra worker 5 extra units बनाए और हर unit 20 में बिके तो उसके marginal product का value 100 है। Profit maximising hiring में margin पर wage उस value के बराबर होता है।

Exam trap: this is the marginal contribution of one unit of the factor. It is neither total firm revenue nor a rule that every factor receives an equal share. With imperfect competition in output markets use marginal revenue product instead.
Exam trap: यह factor की एक unit का marginal contribution है। यह firm का total revenue या हर factor का equal share नहीं है। Output market में imperfect competition हो तो marginal revenue product का उपयोग करते हैं।

Asymmetric Information

Q1. Adverse selection signalling and incentives

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 1 | PDF page 361

Which statements about asymmetric information are true?
Asymmetric information के बारे में कौन से statements सही हैं?

A. Sellers can send buyers signals about product quality to deal with asymmetric information.
Sellers product quality के signals भेजकर asymmetric information की समस्या कम कर सकते हैं।

B. When sellers know product quality better than buyers bad products tend to drive good products out of the market.
Sellers को buyers से quality की अधिक जानकारी हो तो खराब products अच्छे products को market से बाहर कर सकते हैं।

C. Efficiency wage theory says a wage below the competitive wage raises productivity by discouraging shirking.
Efficiency wage theory के अनुसार competitive wage से कम wage देकर shirking घटती और productivity बढ़ती है।

D. Adverse selection arises from asymmetric information in insurance markets.
Insurance market में asymmetric information से adverse selection उत्पन्न होता है।

E. Owners can design incentive contracts to avoid the principal agent problem.
Owners better performance के incentive contracts बनाकर principal agent problem से बच सकते हैं।

(a) A and B only
केवल A B

(b) A B and C only
केवल A B C

(c) B C and D only
केवल B C D

(d) A B D and E only
केवल A B D E

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: (d) A B D and E only
उत्तर: (d) केवल A B D E

A: a credible warranty can signal quality. B: buyers who cannot identify quality offer a pooled price; high quality sellers may leave, producing the lemons problem. D: high risk people can be more willing to buy insurance when risk types are hidden.
A: credible warranty quality का signal बन सकती है। B: buyers quality पहचान न पाएँ तो pooled price offer करते हैं; high quality sellers market छोड़ सकते हैं। यही lemons problem है। D: risk type hidden हो तो high risk लोग insurance खरीदने के अधिक इच्छुक हो सकते हैं।

C is false: the efficiency wage shirking argument relies on paying above, not below, the competitive market clearing wage. Losing a well paid job then becomes costly. E expresses the role of incentive alignment; properly designed contracts can mitigate the agency problem, though they do not always eliminate it fully.
C गलत है: efficiency wage की shirking argument competitive market clearing wage से ऊपर wage देने पर आधारित है। तब अच्छी salary वाली job खोना costly होता है। E incentive alignment की भूमिका बताता है; सही contracts agency problem को कम कर सकते हैं, हालांकि हर स्थिति में पूरी तरह समाप्त नहीं करते।

Memory check: adverse selection concerns hidden types before the agreement; moral hazard concerns hidden actions after it. Neither term means simply “any bad result”.
Memory check: adverse selection agreement से पहले hidden types की समस्या है; moral hazard agreement के बाद hidden actions की। दोनों का अर्थ केवल “कोई खराब परिणाम” नहीं है।

Mathematical Economics Overlap

Q31. A missing optimisation objective

June 2025 | 29 June 2025 | Shift II | Original question 31 | PDF page 368

If U = 6x squared + y squared and 4x − y = 1 what is the value of U?
यदि U = 6x squared + y squared और 4x − y = 1 हो तो U का value क्या है?

U = 6x2 + y2 ; 4x − y = 1

(a) 4/15
4/15

(b) 3/11
3/11

(c) 3/16
3/16

(d) 4/21
4/21

Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और समझाइए

Answer: Underdetermined as written. Option (b) is the unconstrained sign minimum, if minimisation is intended.
उत्तर: Printed question में information अधूरी है। यदि minimisation intended हो और variables के signs unrestricted हों तभी option (b) मिलता है।

Formula name and use: Completing the square identifies the minimum of a positive quadratic after substituting the equality constraint.
Formula और उपयोग: Equality constraint substitute करने के बाद positive quadratic की minimum value completing the square से मिलती है।

y = 4x − 1 ; U = 22x2 − 8x + 1
U = 22(x − 211)2 + 311

Worked solution: the squared term is zero at x = 2/11 and y = −3/11, so the minimum over real x and y is 3/11. The equality alone does not fix U; for example x = 0 gives U = 1 and x = 1 gives U = 15.
Worked solution: x = 2/11 और y = −3/11 पर squared term zero है, इसलिए real x और y पर minimum 3/11 है। केवल constraint से U fixed नहीं होता; x = 0 पर U = 1 और x = 1 पर U = 15 मिलता है।

If x and y are nonnegative consumption quantities the above minimiser is infeasible; the minimum is 3/8 at x = 1/4 and y = 0. There is no finite maximum on the unrestricted feasible line. Do not treat this as ordinary utility maximisation.
यदि x और y nonnegative consumption quantities हों तो ऊपर का minimiser feasible नहीं; minimum x = 1/4 और y = 0 पर 3/8 है। Unrestricted feasible line पर finite maximum नहीं है। इसे सामान्य utility maximisation न मानें।

This index records overlaps so related questions are not lost. They are not included in the 14 primary Unit 1 questions or the additional full solution of Q31. The unit assignments are analytical classifications based on the syllabus, not official question tags.
Related questions छूटें नहीं, इसलिए overlaps का यह index है। ये 14 primary Unit 1 questions या Q31 के extra full solution में शामिल नहीं हैं। Unit assignments syllabus के आधार पर analytical classification हैं, official question tags नहीं।

Question and PDF page Topic
विषय
Primary placement
3 | 361 Coase theorem and property rights
Coase theorem और property rights
Unit 9
4 | 361 to 362 Environmental efficiency and Pareto criterion
Environmental efficiency और Pareto criterion
Unit 9 with Unit 1 link
15 | 364 Paradoxes including water diamond
Water diamond सहित mixed paradoxes
Mixed mainly Unit 2
33 | 368 to 369 Tax income substitution effects and deadweight loss
Tax effects और welfare loss
Unit 6
40 | 370 Stolper Samuelson factor returns
Stolper Samuelson और factor returns
Unit 5
47 | 371 to 372 Rivalry excludability and crowded sidewalk
Rivalry excludability और sidewalk
Unit 6
63 | 376 Trade theories including specific factors
Specific factors सहित trade theories
Unit 5
64 | 376 to 377 Externalities and social cost
Externalities और social cost
Unit 6 with Unit 9 link
66 | 377 Physical and price definitions of capital abundance
Capital abundance की परिभाषाएँ
Unit 5
70 | 378 Property rights
संपत्ति अधिकार
Unit 9 with Unit 6 link
83 | 381 Trade concepts including factor price equalisation
Factor price equalisation सहित trade concepts
Unit 5

Additional correction for the overlap index: Q33 correctly rejects statement (b), but the book explanation wrongly denies the income effect of a lump sum tax. A lump sum tax reduces disposable income; it has no direct relative price substitution effect. Q4 repeats statements B and C, making options (b) and (c) indistinguishable in the source print.
Overlap index की अतिरिक्त correction: Q33 में statement (b) गलत है, लेकिन book explanation lump sum tax का income effect भी गलत तरीके से नकारती है। Lump sum tax disposable income घटाता है; उसका direct relative price substitution effect नहीं होता। Q4 में B और C repeat हैं, जिससे supplied print के options (b) और (c) अलग नहीं रह जाते।

Revision Answer Summary

Original Q Checked answer
जाँचा उत्तर
Reminder
ध्यान रखें
1 d Efficiency wage above competitive wage
8 b B L equilibrium with payoffs 3 7
19 d Mixed IV Best response III Nash I Grim II
21 Conditional b only after correction Homothetic alone is insufficient
22 No literal correct option c only for pure strategy equilibrium
23 d A III B I C IV D II
28 b Weighted marginal products sum to Q
30 b Inferior not Giffen
36 d Factor price equals VMP
50 c Continuity fails
54 c under standard interior assumptions Highest affordable IC
68 d x 16 y 11
69 a CS 8/3
82 1000 none of the printed options Coefficient 0.0015 in question
31 appendix Insufficient as written 3/11 only for unrestricted minimum

Sources

Question source: NTA UGC NET JRF SET Economics Solved Papers English Medium 2025 Youth Competition Times source PDF. June 2025 paper pages 361 to 384. All question page references in this study set use the PDF page position; printed page numbers match in this section.

Syllabus: University Grants Commission NET Economics Code 01 Unit 1. https://www.ugcnetonline.in/showPdf.php?p1=NTA_All_R_Syllabus/01/Economics_English.pdf

Gorman aggregation: Daisuke Oyama University of Tokyo Advanced Microeconomics Aggregate Demand pages 4 to 8. https://www.oyama.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/advMicro26/advMicro26aggregate_demand.pdf

Mixed strategy equilibrium: MIT OpenCourseWare 17.810 Game Theory Spring 2021 Lecture 3 pages 30 to 35. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/17-810-game-theory-spring-2021/mit17_810s21_lec3.pdf

Lexicographic preferences: MIT OpenCourseWare 14.123 Microeconomic Theory III Problem set 3 solutions Problem 3. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/14-123-microeconomic-theory-iii-spring-2015/9822dab685ed8aadba78f4b9ff1bacb8_MIT14_123S15_PSet_3_Sol_11.pdf

यह collection June 2025 session का है। Printing या wording की समस्या वाले questions में expected exam option और सही conceptual condition दोनों स्पष्ट किए गए हैं।

Leave a Reply