UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2022 · UNIT 7
Money and Banking PYQs
मुद्रा और बैंकिंग के प्रश्न
December2021/June2022 merged · 8October2022
दिसंबर2021/जून2022 संयुक्त · 8अक्टूबर2022
Monetary policy
मौद्रिक नीति
Question 28 / प्रश्न 28
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One of the various qualitative instruments used by the central bank during inflation is
Inflation में selective/qualitative credit control?
(a) Marginrequirement बढ़ाना।
(b) Margin हटाना।
(c) Margin घटाना।
(d) केवल पुरानाम arginfix रखना।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) Marginrequirement बढ़ाना।
Explanation: Higher collateral margins reduce available speculative credit.
व्याख्या: Higher margin collateral के against maximum loan ratio घटाती है और speculative credit restrain कर सकती है। Policy portfolio dependent specific instrument है।
Question 47 / प्रश्न 47
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The Central bank policy of altering the domestic credit extended by it in an equal and opposite direction to the variation in foreign exchange reserves so that the monetary base remains unchanged is called
Forex reserve change को equal opposite domestic credit से offset करना ?
(a) Stabilisationgeneral।
(b) Monetary expansion।
(c) Fiscal expansion।
(d) Sterilisation।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) Sterilisation।
Explanation: Sterilisation offsets foreign-reserve changes with opposite domestic-credit changes.
व्याख्या: Central bank ΔNFA+ΔNDA=0 करके reserve-money base constant रखता है। Example forex purchase100 के against bonds sale100।
Question 48 / प्रश्न 48
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Match List I with List II.
Banking instruments match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A Reverserepo रिवर्सरेपो |
I Short-termliquidityfrom RBI अल्पकालीनतरलता |
| B bank rate बैंकदर |
II Traditionalrediscount/referencecreditrate पारंपरिकऋणसंदर्भदर |
| C Repo रेपो |
III RBIabsorbsliquidity RBI तरलतालेता |
| D CRR नकदआरक्षितअनुपात |
IV Required RBIreserves आवश्यक RBI आरक्षितनिधि |
(a) I III II IV
(b) III II I IV
(c) III I II IV
(d) I II III IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: bankratewording सुधारकर
Explanation: The bank-rate entry is over simplified; repo, reverse-repo, and CRR determine the intended matching.
व्याख्या: Reverse-repo absorption, repo collateralisedliquidity, CRR required cash balances। Source II“longterm loans” over simplifies bank rate, जो rediscount/statutory benchmark है; matching AIII BII CI DIV।
Question 52 / प्रश्न 52
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Monetary policy instruments are A. Changes in public expenditure B. Changes in taxation C. Open market operations D. Bank reserve requirement E. Interest rate policy
Monetary instruments: A public spending; B taxes; C OMO; D reserves; E interest rate।
(a) A, B केवल
(b) A, B, C केवल
(c) C, D, E केवल
(d) B, D, E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) C, D, E केवल
Explanation: OMO, reserve requirements, and policy interest rates are monetary instruments.
व्याख्या: C D E central bank instruments हैं। Public spending/tax changes fiscal policy के instruments हैं।
Banking and financial institutions
बैंकिंग और वित्तीय संस्थाएँ
Question 37 / प्रश्न 37
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Which of the followings are correct? (A) M1 = C + DD + OD (B) M2 = M1 + saving deposits with post office saving banks (C) M3 = M2 + net time deposits of banks (D) M3 = M1 + net time deposits of banks (E) M4 = M1 + total deposits with the post office savings
Money definitions: A M1=C+DD+OD; B M2=M1+post office savings; C M3=M2+bank time deposits; D M3=M1+bank time deposits; E M4=M1+all post office deposits।
(a) A, B और C केवल
(b) A, B और D केवल
(c) A, C और D केवल
(d) B, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) A, B और D केवल
Explanation: M3=M1+bank time deposits; M4starts from M3, not M1.
व्याख्या: A B D सही। Traditional M4=M3+post office deposits(excluding NSC), M1plus नहीं। C post office savings को wrongly M3 में add करता है।
Question 40 / प्रश्न 40
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With no time deposits, currency-deposit ratio c and reserve-deposit ratio r, find the money multiplier.
No time deposits में currencydepositratioc और reserveratior से multiplier?
(a) (c+r)/(1+c)
(b) (c+r)/(1+r)
(c) c/r
(d) (1+c)/(r+c)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) (1+c)/(r+c)
Explanation: Dividing money(C+D)by base(C+R)gives(1+c)/(c+r).
व्याख्या: M=C+D=(1+c)D, H=C+R=(c+r)D। Divide:m=(1+c)/(c+r)। Both ratios same D denominator पर defined होने चाहिए।
December2022 · 2March2023 · ShiftI
दिसंबर2022 · 2मार्च2023 · पालीI
Monetary policy
मौद्रिक नीति
Question 29 / प्रश्न 29
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Which of the following two economists are associated with the problem of time inconsistency?
Time inconsistency problem सेकौन pair?
(a) J.M. Keynes और Joan Robinson
(b) Kydland और Prescott
(c) Baumol और Tobin
(d) Friedman और Scwartz
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) Kydland और Prescott
Explanation: Kydland and Prescott analyse commitment problems and time inconsistency.
व्याख्या: Kydland–Prescott 1977 ने rules versus discretion में exanteoptimalplans और exincentives का conflictformalise किया। Credible commitment problem इसकाकेंद्र है।
Question 57 / प्रश्न 57
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Which of the following are expansionary monetary policy measures to cure deflation? A. The Central bank buys government securities from commercial banks and public. B. The Central bank may hike the bank rate. C. The Central bank may increase the cash reserve ratio. D. The Central bank may reduce the cash reserve ratio. E. The Central bank may lower the bank rate.
Deflation में expansionary measures: A OMOpurchase; B bank rate↑; C CRR↑; D CRR↓; E bank rate↓।
(a) A, B और D केवल
(b) A, C और E केवल
(c) B और D केवल
(d) A, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) A, D और E केवल
Explanation: Bond purchases, lower reserve requirements, and lower bank rates ease monetary conditions.
व्याख्या: A D E liquidity/credit conditions आसान करते हैं। B/C usual contractionary directions हैं। Transmission और credit demand के कारण final output response variable हो सकता है।
Question 82 / प्रश्न 82
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Arrange the rates in descending order based on ‘Reserve Bank of India’ data, December, 2022. A. Cash Reserve Ratio B. Repo rate C. Bank rate D. Reserve Repo Rate E. Standing Deposit Facility Rate
December 2022 RBIrates descending: A CRR; B repo; C bank rate; D reverse repo; E SDF।
(a) A, B, C, D, E
(b) E, C, D, B, A
(c) C, B, E, A, D
(d) A, B, D, E, C
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) C, B, E, A, D
Explanation: December 2022rates6.50,6.25,6.00,4.50,3.35give C, B, E, A, D; the book prints later rates.
व्याख्या: 7December 2022decision के बाद bank rate6.50, repo6.25, SDF6.00, CRR4.50, fixed reverse repo3.35% ⇒C B E A D। Source6.75/6.50/6.25February 2023rates देता है; order फिरभी same है।
Capital markets
पूँजी बाजार
Question 30 / प्रश्न 30
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The Value-Trade ratio captures trading relative to the size of the.
Stock market value-traded ratio किस size के relative trading मापताहै?
(a) Economy।
(b) Marketcapitalisation।
(c) दोनों simultaneously।
(d) कोई नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) Economy।
Explanation: Value traded/GDP differs from turnover, value traded/market capitalisation.
व्याख्या: Value of shares traded/GDP economy-relative trading measure है। Traded value/market capitalisation turnover ratio कहलाता है। दोनों liquidityproxies अलग denominators रखते हैं।
Question 58 / प्रश्न 58
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The main features of Treasury bills are that. A. They are issued at a discount are are repaid at par on maturity. B. They have low liquidity on account of their short tenure. C. There is no default risk. D. They offer an assured yield. E. They have a high transaction cost.
T-bills: A discount issue/parredemption; B low liquidity; C sovereign credit benchmark; D held to maturity known nominal yield; E high transaction cost।
(a) A, B और C केवल
(b) A, C और D केवल
(c) A, D और E केवल
(d) A, C और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) A, C और D केवल
Explanation: T-bills are discounted sovereign instruments; held-to-maturity nominal yield differs from inflation or price risk.
व्याख्या: A C D text book features। Sovereign own-currency T-bills को default-risk free benchmark लिया जाता है; price/inflation/reinvestment risk फिरभी होती है। Short maturity low liquidity काकारण नहीं।
Question 72 / प्रश्न 72
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Match List I with List II.
BSEmilestones को printed years से match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A Clearing house समाशोधनगृह |
I 1994 |
| B Bombblasts बमविस्फोट |
II 1997 |
| C Screenbasedtrading स्क्रीनट्रेडिंग |
III 1921 |
| D30-stockindex तीसशेयरसूचकांक |
IV 1986 |
(a) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(b) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(c) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(d) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: exact option नहीं
Explanation: The 1993bomb date is missing; screen-trading dating also mixes initial launch and later expansion.
व्याख्या: Clearing house 1921 और Sensex launch 1986 सही। Mumbai/BSEbombblast12March 1993 था,1994 नहीं। BOLTinitiallaunch 1995 और network expansion 1997 की dating भी अलग है। Source(c) गलत bomb date से matching करता है।
Question 83 / प्रश्न 83
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Arrange the followings chronologically in order of their introduction. A. Ad hoc Treasury bills (T-bills) B. 28 Days T-bills C. 14 Days T-bills D. 364 Days T-bills E. 182 Days T-bills
Treasury bill introductions oldest first: A adhoc; B28day; C14day; D364day; E182day।
(a) A, D, E, B, C
(b) A, E, D, C, B
(c) D, E, A, B, C
(d) E, A, C, D, B
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: B की datingfaulty
Explanation: The28-day proposal was deferred; an announcement must not be treated as a confirmed 1998introduction.
व्याख्या: Adhoc system mid 1950s,182day 1986,364day 1992,14day June 1997। RBI 1998review कहता है 28dayintroductionannouncementputonhold हुआ; “introduced 1998”कोबिनाशर्त fact नमानें। (b) chronology में Blastintended है।
Passage based questions
अनुच्छेद आधारित प्रश्न
Question 96 / प्रश्न 96
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Which of the following is not relevant as a climate-related risk for the financial sector?
कौन climate risk क adirectdriver नहीं, बल्कि परिणाम हो सकता है?
(a) Weather।
(b) Collateralvaluefall।
(c) Bankinsolvency।
(d) Customersentimentshift।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: wording सुधारकर
Explanation: Insolvency can be a down stream climate-loss consequence; literal“not relevant”is incorrect.
व्याख्या: Bank insolvency climate-induced losses का परिणाम हो सकती है, इसलिए literal“not relevant” गलत है। Intended(c) को direct climate driver से अलग down stream financial outcome पढ़ें।
Question 97 / प्रश्न 97
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Which of the following cannot be instrumental towards integrating climate risks into the financial system?
कौनअकेले climate risk assessment के लिएअपर्याप्त?
(a) Financialdisclosures।
(b) Stresstesting।
(c) Scenarioanalysis।
(d) केवल backward-looking methods।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) केवल backward-looking methods।
Explanation: Historical methods alone cannot capture changing future climate and transition scenarios.
व्याख्या: Climate change future hazards/transition को historical data से अलग कर सकता है, इसलिए forward-looking methods जरूरी हैं। Historical assessment पूरी तरह use less नहीं; standalone adequacy का claim गलत है।
Question 98 / प्रश्न 98
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Which of the following does not pertain to the category of transition risk drivers with respect to the climate-related risks?
Transition driver कौन नहीं ?
(a) Mitigationpolicy।
(b) Ecosystemservicesloss।
(c) Technology।
(d) Sentiment।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) Ecosystemservicesloss।
Explanation: Ecosystem-service loss is a physical-impact channel, not a transition driver.
व्याख्या: Ecosystem loss physical/environmental impact channel है। बाकीतीन low carbon adjustment के policy/technology/market drivers हैं।
Question 99 / प्रश्न 99
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Which of the following is not consistent with the mission of the RBI?
Passage में RBIlistedmission सेकौन अलग ?
(a) Financialaccess।
(b) Pricestability।
(c) Nationaldevelopmentprioritiessetting।
(d) Financialstability।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Nationaldevelopmentprioritiessetting।
Explanation: Setting economy wide development priorities is outside the specific central-bank mission list in the passage.
व्याख्या: Passage mission price/financial stability, universal access और intermediation infrastructure कहता है। Economy wide priority setting इस listed central bank mission कासमान function नहीं।
Question 100 / प्रश्न 100
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Which of the following is the purpose of setting up the Sustainable Finance Group by the RBI?
Sustainable Finance Group क aintendedpurpose?
(a) केवल macroresearchcentre।
(b) Climate-riskregulatoryinitiativeslead करना।
(c) सभी corecentralbankfunctionsreplace करना।
(d) केवल routinebanksupervision।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) Climate-riskregulatoryinitiativeslead करना।
Explanation: The group coordinates climate-risk regulatory initiatives rather than replacing all central-bank functions.
व्याख्या: Group climate finance/risk पर regulatory initiatives और coordination कास pecificfocus रखता है; पूरा central bank replace नहीं करता।
December2022 · 2March2023 · ShiftII
दिसंबर2022 · 2मार्च2023 · पालीII
Banking and financial institutions
बैंकिंग और वित्तीय संस्थाएँ
Question 5 / प्रश्न 5
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Which one of the following is not a component of M1?
Usual narrow money list मेंकौन M1component नहीं ?
(a) Currency।
(b) Travellercheques।
(c) Commercial paper।
(d) Demanddeposits।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Commercial paper।
Explanation: Commercial paper is a debt security rather than transaction money; other classifications depend on jurisdiction.
व्याख्या: Commercial paper short-termunsecureddebtsecurity है, transactions deposit/currency नहीं। Traveller cheque classification jurisdiction-specific है; India RBI M1=C+DD+other RBIdepositsdefinition सेइस generic list को अलग पढ़ें।
Question 73 / प्रश्न 73
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Match List I with List II.
Financial institutions years match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A NABARD नाबार्ड |
I 1964 |
| B IFCI आईएफसीआई |
II 1955 |
| C IDBI आईडीबीआई |
III 1948 |
| D ICICI आईसीआईसीआई |
IV 1982 |
(a) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(b) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(c) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(d) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Explanation: NABARD 1982, IFCI 1948, IDBI 1964, and ICICI 1955give A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II.
व्याख्या: NABARD 1982, IFCI 1948, IDBI 1964, ICICI 1955 ⇒AIV BIII CI DII।
Monetary policy
मौद्रिक नीति
Question 26 / प्रश्न 26
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Which of the following is not an assumption or conclusion of the inflation targeting approach?
Inflation targeting approach कीकौन assumption/conclusion नहीं ?
(a) Interestratemaininstrument।
(b) interest rate↑ADrestrain।
(c) Inflationexclusivelysupplyside।
(d) Moneyquantitytargetlessreliable।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Inflationexclusivelysupplyside।
Explanation: Inflation targeting does not assume inflation is exclusively supply-driven.
व्याख्या: Inflation targeting demand management और expectations channels use करता है; inflation को सिर्फ supply phenomenon नहीं मानता। Supply shocks फिरभी हो सकते हैंऔर policy trade offs बनाते हैं।
Question 55 / प्रश्न 55
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Which of the following monetary measure is used to control inflation? A. The Central Bank purchases government securities from Commercial Banks. B. The Central Bank sells the government securities to the Commercial Banks C. The bank rate may be raised D. The bank rate may be reduced E. Raising of cash reserve ratio.
Inflation control: A OMOpurchase; B OMOsale; C bank rate↑; D bank rate↓; E CRR↑।
(a) A, C और E केवल
(b) B, C और E केवल
(c) A, D और E केवल
(d) A और D केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) B, C और E केवल
Explanation: Security sales, higher bank rates, and higher CRR are contractionary measures.
व्याख्या: B C E tighten liquidity/credit conditions। A/Dusuallyexpansionary हैं। Inflationtransmissionlag/real shock nature पर policy response निर्भर है।
Question 81 / प्रश्न 81
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Arrange the following policy rate (as on 31-12- 2022) of the RBI in the descending order of their magnitude. A. Repo rate B. Bank rate C. CRR D. SLR E. Reserve Repo Rate
31December 2022 descending: A repo; B bank rate; C CRR; D SLR; E reverse repo।
(a) A, B, D, C, E
(b) D, A, B, C, E
(c) B, D, A, E, C
(d) D, B, A, C, E
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) D, B, A, C, E
Explanation: SLR18, bank rate6.5, repo6.25, CRR4.5, and reverse-repo3.35give D, B, A, C, E.
व्याख्या: SLR18%, bank rate6.50%, repo6.25%, CRR4.50%, fixed reverse repo3.35% ⇒D B A C E। SDF6.00%new standing floor अलग instrument है; reverse repo3.35 को SDF से replace नकरें।
Capital markets
पूँजी बाजार
Question 28 / प्रश्न 28
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Which formula gives the annualised T-bill yield, face value100, price P and maturity Ddays? The source labels Y discounted yield.
Face value100, Tbillprice P, days D में yield formula?
(a) (P×365−100)/(P×D)
(b) D×365×100/(P×D)
(c) (100−P)×365×100/(P×D)
(d) (100−D)×365×100/(P×D)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: label सुधारकर
Explanation: Optioncuses purchase-price investment yield; true discount yield uses face value as denominator.
व्याख्या: Investment annualised yield=(100−P)/P×365/D×100, optionc। True bank discount yield=(100−P)/100×365/D×100। Source“discounted yield”label denominator P सेमेल नहीं खाता; दो conventions स्पष्ट अलग हैं।
Question 56 / प्रश्न 56
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Which of the followings are correct in case of money market in India? A. Commercial bills is a short-term instrument with high risk. B. Treasury bill is an instrument of short- term borrowing by the government with absence of default risk. C. RBI uses refinance to relieve liqudity shortages in the system. D. The RBI has switched over from daily fixed rate repos auction system to discriminatory price auction repos. E. SLR enables to impose secondary and supplementary reserve requirements on the banking system.
Money-market claims: A commercial bills high risk; B Tbillsovereign; C RBIrefinance; D unspecifiedhistoricalrepo-auction shift; E SLRsecondaryreserve।
(a) A, B और D केवल
(b) B, C और D केवल
(c) B, C और E केवल
(d) C, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Explanation: B, C, Eare stable textbook features; the auction-transition claim requires a specified historical date.
व्याख्या: B C E defensiblefeatures हैं। Commercial bills risk issuer/accept or पर depends, blankethighrisk नहीं। Dpolicyframeworktransitiondate केबिन acurrentfact नहीं; source explanation Dinclude करती पर selected(c)E है, इसलिए historical auction claim को अलग verify करें।
Question 70 / प्रश्न 70
PDF page 274 / PDF पृष्ठ 274
Match List I with List II.
NSEmilestones match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A Niftylaunch निफ्टीलॉन्च |
I July 1995 |
| B Investor Protection Fund निवेशकसंरक्षणनिधि |
II May 1998 |
| C NSEwebsite वेबसाइट |
III April 1996 |
| D Exchangerecognition मान्यता |
IV April 1993 |
(a) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(b) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(c) A-II, B-IV, C-III, C-I
(d) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
Explanation: Nifty 1996, IPF 1995, website 1998, and recognition 1993give the intended matching.
व्याख्या: Nifty April 1996, IPFJuly 1995, website May 1998, recognition April 1993 ⇒AIII BI CII DIV। Nifty base year 1995 और launch 1996 अलग dates हैं।
Passage based questions
अनुच्छेद आधारित प्रश्न
Question 89 / प्रश्न 89
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What conflict do the bankers face while channelizing saving into investment?
Savers/borrowers क aconflict?
(a) Borrowersinstantclose/saversfixedwithdraw।
(b) Saversinstantaccess, borrowersmaturity तक stableloan।
(c) Creditworthiness सेअधिक loan हीमुख्य conflict।
(d) दोनों instantclose।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) Saversinstantaccess, borrowersmaturity तक stableloan।
Explanation: Depositors seek liquidity while borrowers need stable long-term funding.
व्याख्या: Liquidity demand और long-term productive investment की maturitymismatch केंद्रीय problem है।
Question 90 / प्रश्न 90
PDF page 279 / PDF पृष्ठ 279
What solution does the Diamond and Dybvig’s theory offer to the conflict faced by the bankerspna while channelizing savings into investment?
Diamond Dybvig solution?
(a) Saversaccess लेकिन projectsabort।
(b) Borrowersfunding लेकिन accountsclose।
(c) Liquiddeposits और longterm loans साथ।
(d) सभी।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Liquiddeposits और longterm loans साथ।
Explanation: Banks transform liquid deposits into longer-term loans, while remaining vulnerable to runs.
व्याख्या: Bank intermediation risk sharing/liquidity transformation possible बनाती है। यह arrangement run risk सेमुक्त नहीं।
Question 91 / प्रश्न 91
PDF page 279 / PDF पृष्ठ 279
According to the laureates, what leads to imminent collapse of banks?
Bank collapse का run mechanism?
(a) Borrowerfraudalone।
(b) Competitionalone।
(c) Manydepositorssimultaneouswithdrawal।
(d) Manyborrowersapply।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Manydepositorssimultaneouswithdrawal।
Explanation: Simultaneous withdrawals can force illiquid asset sales and trigger a self-fulfilling run.
व्याख्या: Short-term claims एकसाथ redeem होने पर illiquid assets fire-sale करनीपड़सकती हैं। Panicexpectationsself-fulfilling हो सकती हैं।
Question 92 / प्रश्न 92
PDF page 279 / PDF पृष्ठ 279
What do the laureates suggest to prevent rumours-led bank collapses?
Rumour-drivenruns रोकनेकास uggestedpublicsupport?
(a) केवल lendingcut।
(b) केवल lendingincrease।
(c) Bankcollaborationonly।
(d) Depositinsurance और lenderoflastresort।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) Depositinsurance और lenderoflastresort।
Explanation: Credible deposit insurance and emergency liquidity can reduce panic, with suitable solvency and incentive safeguards.
व्याख्या: Credibleinsurancewithdrawalpanic कम करती और emergency liquidity temporary funding shortage handle करती है। Moral hazard/solvency assessment और regulatory design फिरभी जरूरी हैं।
Question 93 / प्रश्न 93
PDF page 279 / PDF पृष्ठ 279
According to Diamond, how do banks ensure that loans are used for good investments?
Diamond में good investment assessment कैसे?
(a) Banksscreen/monitorborrowers की creditworthiness बेहतर assess करते।
(b) Profitmotivealoneguarantees।
(c) Goodintentionaloneguarantees।
(d) Banks केपास information नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) Banksscreen/monitorborrowers की creditworthiness बेहतर assess करते।
Explanation: Delegated screening and monitoring improve creditworthiness assessment without eliminating all risk.
व्याख्या: Delegated monitoring repeated/scale information costs reduce कर सकती है। “Ensure”को risk completely eliminate करना नसमझें।