UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2022 · UNIT 8
Growth and Development Economics PYQs
संवृद्धि और विकास अर्थशास्त्र के प्रश्न
December2021/June2022 merged · 8October2022
दिसंबर2021/जून2022 संयुक्त · 8अक्टूबर2022
Development theories and indicators
विकास सिद्धांत और संकेतक
Question 8 / प्रश्न 8
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Which of the following hold good for Lewis model of development? A. Unlimited supply of labour B. Marginal productivity of labour in the subsistence wage C. Dual economy with a modern sector and a subsistence sector D. Agricultural sector subject to increasing returns E. Model that explains the crucial role of capitalist surplus in the development process
Lewis: A surplus labour; B subsistence-sector MP का truncatedclaim; C dual sectors; D agriculture increasing returns; E capitalist-surplus reinvestment।
(a) A, B, C, E केवल
(b) A, B, D, E केवल
(c) B, C, D, E केवल
(d) A, C, D, E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: B सुधरने पर
Explanation: A, C, E are clear; the intended option also requires restoring the missing predicate about marginal productivity.
व्याख्या: A C E Lewis framework हैं। Surplus labour segment में negligible/zero MP की common assumption है, लेकिन printed B में predicate गायब है। D increasing returns agriculture usual assumption नहीं। इसलिए (a) intended केवल B के missing word को सही restore करने पर।
Question 12 / प्रश्न 12
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Given below are two statements: Statement I: Dualism refer to economic and social divisions in an economy, such as difference in the level of technology between sectors or regions, differences in the degree of geographic development and differences in social customs and attitudes. Statement II: The developing countries in the early stage of development experience dualism, which have implications for future pattern and pace of development. In the light of above statements.
I Dualism technology/regions/social customs में divisions; II early development में dualism future growth कोप्रभावित करता है।
(a) दोनों सही।
(b) दोनों गलत।
(c) I सही II गलत।
(d) I गलत II सही।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) दोनों सही।
Explanation: Dualism describes persistent technological, social, and regional divisions affecting development.
व्याख्या: Traditional/modern segments में productivity, institutions और opportunities अलग हो सकती हैं। Labour transfer, investment और structural change पर इसका असर पड़ता है।
Question 20 / प्रश्न 20
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Basic characteristices of an under developed economy A. A low level of techology and poor human capital B. Higher level of GDP and per capita income C. A high proportion of the labour force engaged in agriculture and low agriculture productivity D. A high proportion of domestic expenditure on food E. Higher incidence of poverty
Underdevelopment: A low technology/human capital; B high percapita GDP; C low productivity agriculture labour share; D high food budget share; E poverty।
(a) A, C, D, E केवल
(b) A, C, B, E केवल
(c) B, D, E केवल
(d) B केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) A, C, D, E केवल
Explanation: Low productivity, agricultural dependence, high food shares, and poverty are typical stylised features.
व्याख्या: A C D E typical stylisedfeatures हैं; high percapita income B उलटा है। Engel-law food share low income पर higher होने को support करती है, लेकिन country-specific variation होती है।
Question 27 / प्रश्न 27
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Match List I with List II.
Development theories match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A Ruralurbanmigration ग्रामीणशहरीप्रवासन |
I Arthur Lewis लुईस |
| B Unlimitedlabour असीमश्रम |
II Gunnar Myrdal मिर्डल |
| C Cumulative causation संचयीकारणता |
III Raul Prebisch प्रेबिश |
| D Primary TOTdecline प्राथमिक TOT गिरावट |
IV Harris–Todaro हैरिसटोडारो |
(a) I IV II III
(b) IV I II III
(c) I IV III II
(d) I III II IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) IV I II III
Explanation: The associations are Harris–Todaro, Lewis, Myrdal, and Prebisch.
व्याख्या: Harris Todaro expected urban income migration; Lewis surplus labour transfer; Myrdal cumulative causation; Prebisch–Singer primary terms deterioration।
Question 33 / प्रश्न 33
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Arrange the countries based on descending order of Human Development Index Value in 2019. A. Norway B. Bangladesh C. India D. China E. Nepal
HDI 2019 descending: A Norway; B Bangladesh; C India; D China; E Nepal।
(a) A, D, C, B, E
(b) D, A, B, E, C
(c) A, D, B, C, E
(d) A, D, B, E, C
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) A, D, C, B, E
Explanation: The historical HDI order is Norway, China, India, Bangladesh, Nepal.
व्याख्या: HDR 2020 vintage में Norway.957, China.761, India.645, Bangladesh.632, Nepal.602 ⇒A D C B E। Later updated series rankings/values revise हो सकती हैं।
Question 46 / प्रश्न 46
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The hypothesis of cumulative causation as an explanation of the backwardness of developing nations is associated with
Cumulative causation/backwardness किससेजुड़ा?
(a) Ragnar Nurkse
(b) Gunnar Myrdal
(c) Arthus Lewis
(d) Fei और Ranis
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) Gunnar Myrdal
Explanation: Myrdal explains self-reinforcing backwash and spread effects through cumulative causation.
व्याख्या: Gunnar Myrdal में inter acting disadvantages self-reinforcingbackwashprocess बनाते हैं। Spread effects और policy counter forces development path बदल सकते हैं।
Growth models
संवृद्धि मॉडल
Question 88 / प्रश्न 88
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Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R Assertion A: The Endogenous growth theory examines production function that shows increasing returns. Reason R: Increasing returns in Endogenous growth theory is due to specialization and investment in knowledge capital and learning by doing. In the light of the above statements,
A Endogenous growth में increasing returns; R specialisation, knowledge, learning से increasing returns।
(a) दोनों सही, Rexplanation।
(b) दोनों सही, explanation नहीं।
(c) A सही R गलत।
(d) A गलत R सही।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: knowledge-growth setting में
Explanation: Knowledge-based models can generate increasing returns, but not every endogenous-growth model requires them.
व्याख्या: Nonrival ideas/knowledge spillovers aggregate increasing returns sustain कर सकते हैं। हर endogenous growth model में increasing returns जरूरी नहीं: simple AK reproducible capital में constant returns सेभी endogenous growth देता है।
Question 90 / प्रश्न 90
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In Harrod.Domar Model, if the growth rate of income is 8% and the capital output ratio is 4% then the saving rate must be
Harrod Domarg8%, capitaloutput ratio4 में saving rate?
(a) 32%
(b) 2%
(c) 36%
(d) 1/2%
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: percenttypo सुधारकर
Explanation: With capital-output ratio4, s=.08×4=.32; literal4%would give.32%, not32%.
व्याख्या: g=s/v ⇒s=.08×4=.32=32%। Capital-output ratio4 units ratio है,4% नहीं। Literalv.04 लेंतो s.0032=.32% आता, जो options में नहीं।
December2022 · 2March2023 · ShiftI
दिसंबर2022 · 2मार्च2023 · पालीI
Economic thought
आर्थिक विचार
Question 7 / प्रश्न 7
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Who wrote that ‘‘every man thus lives by exchanging or becomes in some measure a merchant, and the society itself grows to be what is properly a commercial society’’.
Commercial society/exchange वाला quoted विचार किसका?
(a) Milton Friedman
(b) Keynes
(c) Benjamin Olken
(d) Adam Smith
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) Adam Smith
Explanation: The quota tion is from Smith’s account of exchange and commercial society.
व्याख्या: Adam Smith Wealth of Nations में division of labour/exchange से commercial society का वर्णन करते हैं।
Question 31 / प्रश्न 31
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‘‘Under-developed countries are the slums of the world economy’’, is a statement given by.
“Underdeveloped countries…” वाला statement किस author काहै?
(a) Keynes
(b) G. Myrdal
(c) Adam Smith
(d) Cairncross
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) Cairncross
Explanation: Cairncross is the author associated with the historical statement.
व्याख्या: A K Cairncross ने Factors in Economic Development में यह historical description दीथी। Attribution Cairncross है; statement modern neutral classification नहीं।
Question 33 / प्रश्न 33
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Which one of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched? Author Book 1. Simon Kuznets Asian Drama 2. J. Robinson Essay on the Theory of Economic growth 3. Karl Marx Das Capital 4. Arthur W. Lewis Theory of Economic Growth
Author-book matching मेंकौन गलत:1Kuznets–Asian Drama; 2Robinson–Growth Essays; 3Marx–Capital; 4Lewis–Growth Theory?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) 1
Explanation: Asian Drama was written by Myrdal, not Kuznets.
व्याख्या: Asian Drama Gunnar Myrdal की book है, Kuznets की नहीं। बाकी listed author-title associations intended correct हैं।
Question 77 / प्रश्न 77
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Arrange the books in ascending order based on their year of publication. A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations B. The Theory of Moral Sentiments C. Capitalism Socialism and Democracy D. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origin of Out Time E. The Affluent Society
Books oldest first: A Wealth Nations; B Moral Sentiments; C Capitalism Socialism Democracy; D Great Transformation; E Affluent Society।
(a) B, C, D, E, A
(b) B, A, C, D, E
(c) D, E, A, B, C
(d) A, C, E, B, D
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) B, A, C, D, E
Explanation: The publication dates 1759,1776,1942,1944, and 1958give B, A, C, D, E.
व्याख्या: Smith 1759 → Smith 1776 → Schumpeter 1942 → Polanyi 1944 → Galbraith 1958। क्रम B A C D E।
Development theories and indicators
विकास सिद्धांत और संकेतक
Question 21 / प्रश्न 21
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Which institution has published the Human Development Report annually since 1990?
Human Development Report 1990 सेकिस institution का?
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) World Bank
(c) Asian Development Bank
(d) United National Development Programme
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) United National Development Programme
Explanation: UNDP introduced the Human Development Report and HDI in 1990.
व्याख्या: UNDP—United Nations Development Programme। HDR 1990 ने HDI को introduce किया; World Bank से अलग organisation है।
Growth models
संवृद्धि मॉडल
Question 60 / प्रश्न 60
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Harrod-Domar classification of growth includes, which of the following? A. Natural growth rate B. Desired growth rate C. Warranted growth rate D. Possible growth rate E. Population growth rate
Harrod growth types में listed कौन: A natural; B desired; C warranted; D possible; E population।
(a) A और B केवल
(b) A और C केवल
(c) A, B, C और E केवल
(d) B, C और D केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) A और C केवल
Explanation: Natural and warranted rates are canonical Harrod terms among the listed alternatives.
व्याख्या: Harrod actual, warranted और natural rates distinguish करते हैं। Listed A, Ccanonicalterms हैं; population growth natural rate क acomponent हो सकता है, अलग canonicaltriadmember नहीं।
Passage based questions
अनुच्छेद आधारित प्रश्न
Question 91 / प्रश्न 91
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Correctly state the hypothesis of Pagano and Rossi with regards to the crash of the knowledge economy.
Authors की knowledge-economy crash hypothesis?
(a) केवल globalisation/privatisation।
(b) केवल poverty।
(c) Excessiveintellectualmonopolies/IPRprotection।
(d) केवल digitisation।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Excessiveintellectualmonopolies/IPRprotection।
Explanation: The authors attribute the crisis to excessive intellectual monopolisation.
व्याख्या: Passage root explanation excessive IPmonopolisation है। यह authors-specific hypothesis है।
Question 92 / प्रश्न 92
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According to the authors, who is responsible for the crash of the knowledge economy?
Authors किन institutions को responsible कहतेहैं?
(a) हर patentapplicantalone।
(b) IPRfacilitatinginstitutions।
(c) IPRopponents।
(d) केवल slowtechnology।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) IPRfacilitatinginstitutions।
Explanation: Their institutional explanation targets the structures facilitating extensive IPR protection.
व्याख्या: दिएतर्कमें institutional protection structure को blame कियागया है, केवल individualinnovators को नहीं।
Question 93 / प्रश्न 93
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Why have the authors considered IPRs as a super tariff?
IPRs को super tariff क्योंकहा?
(a) Tariffcut के बाद selectedtariffs↑।
(b) Uruguayroundgrowth।
(c) केवल developedcountriesbenefit।
(d) Cheaplabour/IPscarcecountries में investmentcost↑।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) Cheaplabour/IPscarcecountries में investmentcost↑।
Explanation: Knowledge-access barriers raise investment costs and act like an additional investment tariff.
व्याख्या: Protected knowledge access cost additional entry/investment barrier बनता है; metaphor ordinary customs tariff तकसीमित नहीं।
Question 94 / प्रश्न 94
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How are the IPRs responsible for a savings glut?
IPRs से saving glut कैसे?
(a) Growthalone।
(b) ADfall काबिना mechanismclaim।
(c) Conflictingrights से investmentblocked।
(d) Povertyalone।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Conflictingrights से investmentblocked।
Explanation: Conflicting rights can block investment and leave desired saving unmatched by investment opportunities.
व्याख्या: Desired saving के relative investment opportunities घटनेसे saving-investment imbalance हो सकता है। Passage conflicting rights को specific mechanism कहता है।
Question 95 / प्रश्न 95
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What remedies do the authors suggest for the knowledge economy to recover from the crisis?
Authors कास uggestedremedy?
(a) केवल Keynesianpolicy।
(b) केवल monetary policy।
(c) केवल financialregulation।
(d) Excessive IPmonopolisation घटानेवाली regulation।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) Excessive IPmonopolisation घटानेवाली regulation।
Explanation: The remedy rebalances public/private knowledge and reduces excessive monopoly protection.
व्याख्या: Authors ordinary macro stimulus सेआगे knowledge ownership/access balance सुधारनेकीसिफारिश करते हैं।
December2022 · 2March2023 · ShiftII
दिसंबर2022 · 2मार्च2023 · पालीII
Development theories and indicators
विकास सिद्धांत और संकेतक
Question 29 / प्रश्न 29
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The faster growth and more equal distribution of income can be examined simultaneously by.
Growth और distribution दोनों कोसाथ assess करने का listed measure?
(a) Giniratio।
(b) Povertyweightedgrowthrate।
(c) Kuznets curve।
(d) कोई नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) Povertyweightedgrowthrate।
Explanation: Poverty-weighted growth as signs greater weight to income gains among poorer people.
व्याख्या: Poorer people की income growth को higher weight देनेसे aggregate welfare-oriented growth measure बनता है। Gini level inequality measure है, growthrate का पूरा ज ointindicator नहीं।
Question 51 / प्रश्न 51
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Which of the following are the indicators of Human Development Index? A. Real GDP per capita B. Adult literacy rate combined with enrolment ratio C. Life expectancy at birth D. Malnutrition under five. E. IMR under five
HDIindicators: A GDPpercapita; B adult literacy+enrolment; C life expectancy; D under5malnutrition; E under5IMR।
(a) A B और E केवल
(b) B C और D केवल
(c) A, B और C केवल
(d) C, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: पुराने HDI के लिए
Explanation: A, B, Cdescribe the pre 2010HDI; current HDI uses schooling years and GNI instead.
व्याख्या: Old HDI A B C use करता था। Since 2010 education mean/expected school years और income GNIpercapita PPPuse होते हैं, GDP/literacycombo नहीं। Chealthindicator अबभी है; question 2022 को current HDI पूछनेपर listed(c)outdated है।
Question 58 / प्रश्न 58
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Measurement of income inequality is done by. A. Gini coefficient B. Lorenz curve C. Palma Ratio D. Deprivation ratio E. Phillips Curve
Inequality measures: A Gini; B Lorenz; C Palma; D deprivation ratio; E Phillips।
(a) B और E केवल
(b) A और B केवल
(c) A, B और C केवल
(d) C और A केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) A, B और C केवल
Explanation: Gini, Lorenz, and Palma describe income inequality.
व्याख्या: Gini summary coefficient, Lorenz cumulative income/population shares, Palma top10%income/bottom40%income। Deprivation ratio poverty और Phillips inflation/unemployment सेजुड़ा है।
Question 59 / प्रश्न 59
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Which statements fit Schumpeter’s development theory? A financed by real saving; B capitalism remains unchanged; C development is evolutionary; D development creates inflation; E unlimited labour supply.
Schumpeter: A real saving finance; B capitalism unchanged; C development evolutionary; D development inflation; E unlimited labour।
(a) A और B केवल
(b) C और D केवल
(c) A, B, C और D केवल
(d) None of the above
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: listed combination में कोई नहीं
Explanation: The listed combinations are defective; credit-led innovation can cause temporary inflation, but other claims need qualification.
व्याख्या: Innovation bank credit से finance हो सकती है, सिर्फ prior real saving A नहीं; capitalism transforms, Bfalse। Standard circular flow contrast में development discontinuous innovation है, gradual evolutionary growth नहीं। Credit expansion phase inflation Dpossible है, लेकिन D-only option नहीं; C को broad“evolutionary process”अर्थदेंतो(b)ambiguous होगा।
Question 71 / प्रश्न 71
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Match List I with List II.
Thinkers match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A Marx मार्क्स |
I Division of labour श्रमविभाजन |
| B Smith स्मिथ |
II Bigpush बड़ाधक्का |
| C Rosenstein Rodan रोज़ेनस्टीनरोडान |
III Traditionalsociety परंपरागतसमाज |
| D Rostow रोस्टो |
IV Reservearmy आरक्षितश्रमसेना |
(a) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(b) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-I
(c) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(d) A-IV B-I C-II D-III
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) A-IV B-I C-II D-III
Explanation: Marx’s reserve army, Smith’s division, Rodan’s big push, and Rostow’s traditional stage determine the code.
व्याख्या: Marx reserve army, Smith division of labour, Rodan big push, Rostow stages traditional society। AIV BI CII DIII।
Economic thought
आर्थिक विचार
Question 30 / प्रश्न 30
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With C constant capital, V variable capital and S surplus value, which ratio gives the organic composition of capital?
Marx organic composition Cconstantcapital, Vvariablecapital में?
(a) C/(V+S)
(b) C/V
(c) C/(C+V)
(d) (C+V)/V
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) C/V
Explanation: Organic composition is associated with C/V; S/V measures exploitation instead.
व्याख्या: Value composition ratio C/V है; organic composition technical capital-labour composition को value terms में reflect करती है। S/V exploitation/surplus value rate अलग है।
Question 75 / प्रश्न 75
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Arrange the Nobel laureates in Economics as per their year of receiving award in descending order. A. Amartya Sen B. Paul Krugman C. James Tobin D. Friedrich Hakek E. Milton Friedman
Nobel latest first: A Sen; B Krugman; C Tobin; D Hayek; E Friedman।
(a) A, B, D, C, E
(b) E, C, A, B, D
(c) A, C, E, D, B
(d) B, A, C, E, D
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) B, A, C, E, D
Explanation: Award years 2008,1998,1981,1976, and 1974give B, A, C, E, D.
व्याख्या: Krugman 2008 → Sen 1998 → Tobin 1981 → Friedman 1976 → Hayek 1974। क्रम B A C E D।
Growth models
संवृद्धि मॉडल
Question 65 / प्रश्न 65
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Match List I with List II.
Growth/economic concepts match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A Robert Solow सोलो |
I Neoclassicalgrowth नवक्लासिकसंवृद्धि |
| B Romer/Lucas रोमर-लूकस |
II Unemployment-output बेरोजगारी-उत्पादन |
| C Paul Samuelson सैम्युअलसन |
III Endogenous growth अंतर्जातसंवृद्धि |
| D Okun ओकुन |
IV Printed“Foundation of Economic growth” / printedtitle |
(a) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(b) A-I, B-II, C-III, C-IV
(c) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(d) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: C की wording सुधारकर
Explanation: The intended associations are correct, but Samuelson’s title is Foundations of Economic Analysis.
व्याख्या: Solow I, Romer/Lucas III, Okun II। Samuelson का classic work Foundations of Economic Analysis है,“Foundation of Economic growth” नहीं। Intended matching AI BIII CIV DII।
Question 86 / प्रश्न 86
PDF page 278 / PDF पृष्ठ 278
Given below two statements. Statement I: Capital deepening is the process by which capital grows at a faster rate than labour and the capital labour ratio rises. Statement II: The growth of output worker is result of technological change which decreases output per workers for a given capital/labour ratio. In the light of the above statements,
I Capital deepening K/L बढ़ना; II technology given K/L पर output per worker घटाती है।
(a) दोनों सही।
(b) दोनों गलत।
(c) I सही II गलत।
(d) I गलत II सही।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) I सही II गलत।
Explanation: Capital deepening raises K/L; positive technological progress raises, not lowers, output at a given K/L.
व्याख्या: Klabour सेतेजबढ़ेतो K/L↑। Positive productivity technical progress per worker production function ऊपर shift करती है, नीचे नहीं। Adverse shock अलग concept है।