UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2022 · UNIT 9
Environmental Economics and Demography PYQs
पर्यावरण अर्थशास्त्र और जनांकिकी के प्रश्न
December2021/June2022 merged · 8October2022
दिसंबर2021/जून2022 संयुक्त · 8अक्टूबर2022
Demography
जनांकिकी
Question 3 / प्रश्न 3
PDF page 225 / PDF पृष्ठ 225
Here is given sex ratio for different states of India for 2011 A. Gujarat: 942 B. Madhya Pradesh: 931 C. Odisha: 979 D. Tamil Nadu: 996 E Haryana: 862
Census 2011 sex ratios सही: A Gujarat942; B MP931; C Odisha979; D TN996; E Haryana862।
(a) B, C और D केवल
(b) A और B केवल
(c) C और D केवल
(d) C, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) B, C और D केवल
Explanation: MP931, Odisha979, and Tamil Nadu996are correct; Gujarat and Haryana figures are wrong.
व्याख्या: MP931, Odisha979, TN996 सही; Gujarat919 और Haryana879 थे। Ratio females per 1000males है। इसलिए B C D।
Question 36 / प्रश्न 36
PDF page 231 / PDF पृष्ठ 231
Net migration refers to
Net migration की पूरी definition?
(a) सभी immigrants− सभी emigrants से populationchange।
(b) केवल workerimmigrants−workeremigrants।
(c) Refugeesexcluded।
(d) केवल refugees।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) सभी immigrants− सभी emigrants से populationchange।
Explanation: Net migration is all covered immigration minus emigration, not workers alone.
व्याख्या: Net migration=inflows−outflows, सभी covered persons के लिए। Worker-only(b) incomplete है; refugees भी statistical coverage में include हो सकते हैं।
Question 57 / प्रश्न 57
PDF page 236 / PDF पृष्ठ 236
In relation to considerations of demographic dividend there appears to be "demographic dualism" exhibited by the Indian states. In this regard consider the following factors A. Total fertility rate B. Sex ratio C. per capita income D. Urbanisation rate
Demographic dividend में state dualism का principal indicator: A TFR; B sex ratio; C percapita income; D urbanisation।
(a) Both A और B
(b) Both A
(c) Both B और C
(d) Both A, B और D
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: केवल A
Explanation: The intended indicator is differing fertility-transition stages; the option’s“Both A”wording is malformed.
व्याख्या: States demographic transition के अलग stages में हैं; TFR replacement सेऊपर/नीचे होने का contrast principal indicator है। Option(b) “Both A” malformed है, intended only A। Other indicators related हो सकते हैं लेकिन इस definition केमुख्य नहीं।
Question 71 / प्रश्न 71
PDF page 238 / PDF पृष्ठ 238
A stationary population is that when population growth is
Stationary population में growth rate?
(a) Increasingrate परबढ़े।
(b) Decreasingrate परबढ़े।
(c) Zero।
(d) 100%।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Zero।
Explanation: A stationary population has zero growth; one year of zero growth alone does not establish stationarity.
व्याख्या: Stationary population size और age structure constant benchmark है; zero growth आवश्यक है। केवल एक year zero growth से long run stationary age structure prove नहीं होती।
Environmental economics
पर्यावरण अर्थशास्त्र
Question 26 / प्रश्न 26
PDF page 229 / PDF पृष्ठ 229
Arrange the following chronologically in order of their years of first occurrence: A. Environmental Kuzents Curve hypothesis B. Limits to growth theorem C. Bouldings 'The Economics of Coming Spaceship Earth' D. Jevon's Coal Question E. Raechel Canson's Silent Spring
oldest first: A EKC; B Limits Growth; C Spaceship Earth; D Coal Question; E Silent Spring।
(a) E, A, B, D, C
(b) A, C, D, B, E
(c) D, A, E, C, B
(d) E, D, C, B, A
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: कोई option सही नहीं
Explanation: The correct dates 1865,1962,1966,1972, and early 1990sgive D, E, C, B, A, absent from the options.
व्याख्या: Jevons 1865 → Carson 1962 → Boulding 1966 → Limits Growth 1972 → EKCliteratureearly 1990s। Source 1995 date take करने परभी last A और same order रहता है।
Question 55 / प्रश्न 55
PDF page 235 / PDF पृष्ठ 235
Arrange the following Environmental disaters chronologically in accordance of their occurrence A. Bhopal Gas Tragedy B Chernobye explosion C. London smog episodes D. Exxon Valdez E. The Threemile Island Nuclear Disaster
Disasters oldest first: A Bhopal; B Chernobyl; C London smog; D Exxon Valdez; E Three Mile Island।
(a) A, D, E, C, B
(b) C, E, A, B, D
(c) A, C, D, E, B
(d) B, C, D, A, E
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) C, E, A, B, D
Explanation: The disaster dates are 1952,1979,1984,1986, and 1989.
व्याख्या: London 1952 → Three Mile Island 1979 → Bhopal 1984 → Chernobyl 1986 → Exxon Valdez 1989। क्रम C E A B D।
Question 66 / प्रश्न 66
PDF page 237 / PDF पृष्ठ 237
What are the primary goals of sustainability? A. The end of poverty and hunger B. Better standard of education and healthcare C. To achieve gender equality D. Sustainable economic growth E. To achieve both inter and intra generational equity
Sustainability: A poverty/hungerend; B education/health; C gender equality; D sustainable growth; E inter/intra generation equity।
(a) A, B, C और E केवल
(b) A, C, D और E केवल
(c) A, B, C और D केवल
(d) A, B, C, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) A, B, C, D और E केवल
Explanation: All five goals fit the broader sustainability agenda, including both forms of equity.
व्याख्या: All A–E social, economic और environmental-sustainability agenda के components हैं। Intergeneration future people और intra generation present distribution की equity है।
Question 84 / प्रश्न 84
PDF page 241 / PDF पृष्ठ 241
The change in welfare due to change in environmental quality is measured by
Environmental quality change के marginal welfare value कोक्या दर्शाता है?
(a) Hedonicpricealone।
(b) Marginalimplicitfunctionalone।
(c) Marginal WTPfunction।
(d) Offercurve।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Marginal WTPfunction।
Explanation: Marginal WTP values an incremental quality change; finite welfare changes require integration.
व्याख्या: Marginal WTP quality की additional unit कापैसोंमें benefit बताता है। Finite quality change का total welfare effect relevant compensated MWTP को integrate करके मिलता है।
December2022 · 2March2023 · ShiftI
दिसंबर2022 · 2मार्च2023 · पालीI
Demography
जनांकिकी
Question 34 / प्रश्न 34
PDF page 248 / PDF पृष्ठ 248
Which of the following is not true about the basic postulates of the Malthusian Perspective on population?
Malthusian perspective काब asicpostulate कौन नहीं ?
(a) Subsistence↑से populationgrowth।
(b) Landfixedconstraint।
(c) Technology/substitution से scarcity हमेशाआसानीसेहल।
(d) Foodsupplypopulationlimit।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (c) Technology/substitution से scarcity हमेशाआसानीसेहल।
Explanation: Technological/substitution optimism is a critique of the original Malthusian resource constraint.
व्याख्या: Technological/substitution optimism original Malthusian resource constraint से अलग modern critique है। Population pressure और subsistence food constraint core हैं।
Question 62 / प्रश्न 62
PDF page 252 / PDF पृष्ठ 252
Which of the following trends conform to the population projections for India based on the Census of India 2011, as carried out by the Technical Group on Population Projections under the aegis of National Commission on Population. A. The infant mortality rate is expected to decline in all states during 2011-2035. B. The average age of Indians is expected to be higher in 2036 compared to 2011. C. The crude birth rate is expected to increase due to increasing level of total fertility. D. The crude death rate is expected to decrease owing to the chaning age structure of the population. E. As per the projected sex ratio, the population in 2036 is expected to be more feminine compared to the population in 2011.
2011-based projections: A IMR↓; B average age 2036↑; C fertility/CBR↑; D ageing से CDR↓; E sex ratio feminine↑।
(a) A, B और C केवल
(b) A, B और E केवल
(c) A, D और E केवल
(d) B, C और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) A, B और E केवल
Explanation: Ageing can raise crude death rates despite improving age-specific mortality; A, B, E fit the projection.
व्याख्या: A B E projected trends हैं। Declining fertility CBR को lower करती है। Ageing overall crude death rate बढ़ासकतीहैभले age-specific mortality गिरे; इसलिए D की causal claim गलत।
Environmental economics
पर्यावरण अर्थशास्त्र
Question 35 / प्रश्न 35
PDF page 248 / PDF पृष्ठ 248
Which of the following criterion is used to judge the performance of instruments for environmental policy?
Environmental policy performance criteria?
(a) Efficient MAC/MDcondition।
(b) Costeffectiveequal MAC।
(c) Abatement+damagecostminimum।
(d) सभी।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (d) सभी।
Explanation: Efficiency and cost-effectiveness are related criteria; firm-specific damages require appropriately differentiated conditions.
व्याख्या: Efficiency target चुनती है; cost effectiveness chosen target least cost पर achieve करती है। Firm-level MAC=MD तभी simple common marginal damage/exposure assumptions में; differentiated damages में location-specific conditions होंगी।
Question 63 / प्रश्न 63
PDF page 253 / PDF पृष्ठ 253
Consider a competitive polluting industry with identical firms and free entry. If the regulator sets an emission cap for each firm equal to the socially optimal long run level per firm, which of the following will characterize the long run impact of such an environmental policy on this competitive industry? A. The industry size will be larger than the social optimum. B. The output produced by each firm will be less than socially optimal. C. The industry size will be smaller than the social optimum. D. The output produced by each firm will be larger than socially optimal. E. Total output and total pollution are greater than the social optimum.
Free entry polluters को per firm optimal emission cap देनेपर: A too-many firms; B too-low output per firm; C too-fewfirms; D high output per firm; E total output/pollutiontoo-high।
(a) A, D और E केवल
(b) B, C और E केवल
(c) C, D और E केवल
(d) A, B और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: usual model में
Explanation: Free per-firm rights can encourage excessive entry; the standard model gives too many smaller firms and excess pollution.
व्याख्या: Per firm cap scale पर marginal pollution cost लगाती है, लेकिन emission rights free मिलनेसे entry externality पूरी charge नहीं होती। Excess entry, per smaller firm output और excess aggregate pollution ABE possible benchmark result है। Assumptions और cap allocation rules जरूरी हैं।
Question 74 / प्रश्न 74
PDF page 255 / PDF पृष्ठ 255
Match List I with List II.
COP और venues match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A COP15 | I Bali Indonesia बाली |
| B COP21 | II Sharmel Sheikh Egypt शर्मअलशेख |
| C COP13 | III Copenhagen Denmark कोपेनहेगन |
| D COP27 | IV Paris France पेरिस |
(a) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(b) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(c) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(d) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (b) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Explanation: COP15Copenhagen, COP21Paris, COP13Bali, and COP27Sharmel Sheikh give the correct code.
व्याख्या: COP15Copenhagen 2009, COP21Paris 2015, COP13Bali 2007, COP27Sharm 2022 ⇒AIII BIV CI DII।
December2022 · 2March2023 · ShiftII
दिसंबर2022 · 2मार्च2023 · पालीII
Environmental economics
पर्यावरण अर्थशास्त्र
Question 23 / प्रश्न 23
PDF page 263 / PDF पृष्ठ 263
Which of the following is true in case of the non-marketed environmental resources?
Pure public environmental quality की properties?
(a) Nonexcludable/nonrival।
(b) Excludable/nonrival।
(c) Excludable/rival।
(d) Nonexcludable/rival।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Explanation: Pure public environmental quality is nonrival/nonexcludable; not all non market resources have these properties.
व्याख्या: Clean ambient air quality क ausualpurepublicaspect A है। सभी non marketed resources nonrival नहीं: open access fish common pool rival होते हैं। Printed broad“resources”को pure public environmental quality तक qualify करना जरूरी है।
Question 33 / प्रश्न 33
PDF page 265 / PDF पृष्ठ 265
Which of the following is an example of depreciation of natural capital?
Natural capital depreciation कादियागय acorrectexample?
(a) River restoration।
(b) Printed“representation”ofminedareas।
(c) Municipalwastetreatment।
(d) Soildetoxification।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: कोई स्पष्ट सही option नहीं
Explanation: Protection/restoration expenditures are not themselves natural-capital depreciation; the printed alternatives are defective.
व्याख्या: Natural capital depreciation depletion/degradation से asset value fall है। River restoration, waste treatment, soildetoxification protection/restoration activities हैं, loss itself नहीं। B का“representation”unintelligible है; unreclaimedminingdamage होतो valid example होगा, लेकिन printed text वह नहीं कहता। Source(c)direct depreciation नहीं।
Question 60 / प्रश्न 60
PDF page 271 / PDF पृष्ठ 271
Which of the followig are the features of Environmental Economics as field of study? A. It has its roots in the theory of externalities and public goods. B. It is based on neoclassical welfare theory. C. It envisions human economy as a sub- system of the biosphere. D. It engages with the law of transformations of matter and energy E. It focuses on finding the most efficient ways to reducing environmental damages.
Environmental economics: A externalities/public goods; B neoclassical welfare; C economy biosphere sub system; D thermodynamiclaws; E efficient damage abatement।
(a) A, B और C केवल
(b) B, C और D केवल
(c) A, B और E केवल
(d) C, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: textbookdistinction में
Explanation: Externalities, welfare theory, and efficient damage reduction distinguish the standard environmental-economics classification.
व्याख्या: A B E standard environmental economics focus हैं। C/D ecological economics केविशेष emphasis हैं; दोनों fields interaction करती हैं, इसलिए C/D कोबिल्कुल irrelevant नकहें।
Question 61 / प्रश्न 61
PDF page 272 / PDF पृष्ठ 272
Which of the following are the essential features of weak sustainability? A. It considers human-made capital and natural capital as close substitutes. B. It puts emphasis on the initial size of an economy since the size of the initial capital stock is considered relevant. C. It requires from each generation to ensure that their actions do not compromise the productive capacity of the generations to follow. D. The composition of the capital stock of an economy does not hold great significance. E. It renders natural capital as an absolute necessity for sustainaing net national income over an indefinite period.
Weak sustainability: A substitutable capital; B initial size primary criterion; C future productive capacity preserve; D composition less critical; E naturalcapitalabsolutelynonsubstitutable।
(a) A, C और D केवल
(b) A, B और C केवल
(c) C, D और E केवल
(d) A, B और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) A, C और D केवल
Explanation: Weak sustainability emphasises substitutable aggregate capital and future productive capacity rather than a fixed composition.
व्याख्या: A C D aggregate capital-maintenance view है। Strong substitutability के कारण capital composition कम critical मानी जाती है; criticalnaturalcapitalstrictpreservationstrongsustainability सेजुड़ती है।
Demography
जनांकिकी
Question 72 / प्रश्न 72
PDF page 275 / PDF पृष्ठ 275
Match List I with List II.
Census 2011population(thousands) match करें।
| ListI सूचीI |
ListII सूचीII |
|---|---|
| A Rajasthan राजस्थान |
I 91276 |
| B Tamil Nadu तमिलनाडु |
II 68548 |
| C West Bengal पश्चिमबंगाल |
III 72627 |
| D Madhya Pradesh मध्यप्रदेश |
IV 72147 |
(a) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(b) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(c) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(d) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
उत्तर: (a) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Explanation: The population figures are in thousands, not lakhs; they give A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III.
व्याख्या: Rajasthan68548, TN72147, WB91276, MP72627thousand ⇒AII BIV CI DIII। Units 1000persons हैं, lakh नहीं।