UGC NET Economics 2024 Unit 1: Micro Economics PYQs (English–Hindi)

UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2024 · UNIT 1

Micro Economics PYQs
व्यष्टि अर्थशास्त्र के प्रश्न

June2024 · Cancelled paper
जून2024 · रद्द प्रश्नपत्र

Production and costs
उत्पादन और लागत

Question 13 / प्रश्न 13

PDF page 302 / PDF पृष्ठ 302

For q=12−(L+K)/(LK), with input prices w=1, r=4 and output price P=9, find maximum profit.
q=12−(L+K)/(LK), labour price1, capital price4, output price9 में maximum profit कितना?

(a) 80
(a) 80
(b) 45
(b) 45
(c) 90
(c) 90
(d) 105
(d) 105
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) 90
उत्तर: (c) 90

Explanation: Profit maximisation gives L=3, K=1.5, and profit90.

व्याख्या: π=108−9/L−9/K−L−4K। FOCs9/L²=1,9/K²=4 से L=3, K=1.5; second derivatives negative हैं। π=108−3−6−3−6=90।

Question 51 / प्रश्न 51

PDF page 309 / PDF पृष्ठ 309

In the short run which of the following always gets smaller as output increases?
Output बढ़ने पर हमेशा कौन घटता है?

(a) Average Fixed Cost
(a) Average fixed cost।
(b) Average Variable Cost
(b) Average variable cost।
(c) Short run Average Cost
(c) Short-run average cost।
(d) Short run Marginal Cost
(d) Short-run marginal cost।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) Average Fixed Cost
उत्तर: (a) Average fixed cost।

Explanation: AFC=F/q falls as positive output rises.

व्याख्या: Fixed F>0 पर AFC=F/q और derivative−F/q²<0। AVC, AC, MC अलग output ranges में गिर या बढ़ सकते हैं।

Question 62 / प्रश्न 62

PDF page 310 / PDF पृष्ठ 310

Two factors of production, say A and B have the same price. The least cost combination of A and B for producing a given level of output will be achieved at a point where the Isoquant has a slope of:
दो factors के prices बराबर हों तो interior least-cost tangency पर isoquant slope?

(a) 2
(a) 2
(b) 0
(b) 0
(c) –1
(c) –1
(d) –2
(d) –2
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) –1
उत्तर: (c) –1

Explanation: Equal input prices imply an interior isoquant slope of−1.

व्याख्या: Slope=−MPₐ/MPᵦ=−wₐ/wᵦ=−1। यह smooth interior optimum की tangency है; corner/kink पर exact slope condition जरूरी नहीं।

Market structure and pricing
बाजार संरचना और मूल्य निर्धारण

Question 26 / प्रश्न 26

PDF page 304 / PDF पृष्ठ 304

Which reaction formula applies in the standard linear Cournot duopoly?
Standard linear Cournot duopoly में rival output पर firm की reaction कौन सी है?

(a) ½(market demand−½ rival output)
(a) ½(market demand−½ rival output)
(b) ⅓(market demand−⅓ rival output)
(b) ⅓(market demand−⅓ rival output)
(c) ½(market demand−⅓ rival output)
(c) ½(market demand−⅓ rival output)
(d) ½(market demand−rival output)
(d) ½(market demand−rival output)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) ½(market demand−rival output)
उत्तर: (d) ½(market demand−rival output)

Explanation: For P=a−q₁−q₂ and zero MC, the best response is q₁=(a−q₂)/2.

व्याख्या: Normalised inverse demand P=a−q₁−q₂, zero marginal cost में profit q₁(a−q₁−q₂); FOC a−2q₁−q₂=0 से q₁=(a−q₂)/2। General P=a−b Q, MC=c में q₁=(a−c−bq₂)/(2b)। Source(a) rival coefficient गलत करता है।

Question 34 / प्रश्न 34

PDF page 305 / PDF पृष्ठ 305

A monopolist produces two goods X and Y, the demand function for each good is given as PX = 36 – 3x and PY = 56 – 4y Determine the maximum revenue.
Pₓ=36−3x, Pᵧ=56−4y में maximum total revenue?

(a) 300
(a) 300
(b) 304
(b) 304
(c) 256
(c) 256
(d) 200
(d) 200
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) 304
उत्तर: (b) 304

Explanation: Revenue-maximising outputs6and7give total revenue304.

व्याख्या: TR=36x−3x²+56y−4y²। Revenue FOCs36−6x=0,56−8y=0 ⇒x6, y7। TR=108+196=304; दोनों quadratic curvatures negative हैं।

Question 69 / प्रश्न 69

PDF page 312 / PDF पृष्ठ 312

For signed price elasticity Eᵈ, express monopoly price as a mark up over MC.
Signed demand elasticity Eᵈ<−1 में monopoly mark up formula?

(a) MC/(1+1/Eᵈ)
(a) MC/(1+1/Eᵈ)
(b) MC/(1−1/Eᵈ)
(b) MC/(1−1/Eᵈ)
(c) (MC+1)/Eᵈ
(c) (MC+1)/Eᵈ
(d) (MC−1)/Eᵈ
(d) (MC−1)/Eᵈ
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) MC/(1+1/Eᵈ)
उत्तर: (a) MC/(1+1/Eᵈ)

Explanation: For signed negative elasticity, P=MC/(1+1/ε).

व्याख्या: MR=P(1+1/Eᵈ)=MC ⇒P=MC/(1+1/Eᵈ)। Elasticity का positive magnitude e=−Eᵈ लें तो denominator1−1/e। Sign convention बदले बिना formulas compare करें।

Question 76 / प्रश्न 76

PDF page 313 / PDF पृष्ठ 313

If C=1064+5q+q²/25 and P=157−3q, find profit-maximising output.
C=1064+5q+q²/25 और P=157−3q में profit-maximising output?

(a) 157
(a) 157
(b) 3
(b) 3
(c) 25
(c) 25
(d) 5
(d) 5
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) 25
उत्तर: (c) 25

Explanation: Profit is152q−3.04q²−1064; its maximum occurs atq=25.

व्याख्या: π=157q−3q²−1064−5q−q²/25=152q−3.04q²−1064। FOC152−6.08q=0 ⇒q25; second derivative−6.08<0। इस point पर MR=7=MC।

Question 82 / प्रश्न 82

PDF page 315 / PDF पृष्ठ 315

Which of the following statement about price leadership is false?
Price leadership पर false statement?

(a) Price leadership is a form of tacit collusion.
(a) Tacitcollusion का form।
(b) With dominant price leadership, the leader in an industry is biggest firm.
(b) Dominantleaderlargestfirm।
(c) With barometric price leadership, the leader may change even if relative size of each firm stays the same.
(c) Barometricleader relative size बिना बदले बदल सकता।
(d) Price leadership breaks down if input prices or demand conditions change.
(d) Inputprices/demand बदलतेही leadership टूटती है।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Price leadership breaks down if input prices or demand conditions change.
उत्तर: (d) Inputprices/demand बदलतेही leadership टूटती है।

Explanation: Leadership can adjust prices after demand/cost changes; collapse is not inevitable.

व्याख्या: Leader demand/cost changes पर quoted price adjust कर सकता है; leadership necessarily collapse नहीं होती। Dominant firm market power और barometric firm informational forecasting role अलग leadership forms हैं।

Consumer behaviour
उपभोक्ता व्यवहार

Question 28 / प्रश्न 28

PDF page 304 / PDF पृष्ठ 304

Which of the following is/are true pertaining to the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of two goods. A. MRS is the rate at which consumer substitutes one good for the other. B. MRS falls as we move down the indifference curve from left to right. C. An indifference curve is convex, if the MRS increases along the curve. D. If MRS along the IC remains constant, then the IC is a straight line. E. If MRS for two goods is zero or infinite, ICs are shaped as right angles.
MRS statements: A substitution rate; B usual convex IC पर decreasing; C increasing MRS से convex; D constant MRS से straight line; E zero/infinite segments से right-angle IC।

(a) A and B only
(a) A और B केवल
(b) A, B and C only
(b) A, B और C केवल
(c) A, C and D only
(c) A, C और D केवल
(d) A, B, D and E only
(d) A, B, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: d — with standard convex preferences/perfect-complements interpretation
उत्तर: usual interpretation में

Explanation: Diminishing MRS describes usual convex preferences; right-angle curves specifically require perfect complements.

व्याख्या: A और D सही; B diminishing-MRS assumption है, हर preference पर law नहीं। E perfect complements के horizontal/vertical arms के लिए है, केवल एक point पर MRS0/∞ मिलने से पूरा IC right-angle नहीं बनता। C usual convexity के उलटा है।

Question 71 / प्रश्न 71

PDF page 312 / PDF पृष्ठ 312

Match List I with List II.
Elasticities और goods match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Income elasticity>1
आय लोच>1
I Substitutes
स्थानापन्न
B Cross-price elasticity>0
पार मूल्य लोचधनात्मक
II Inferior goods
हीन वस्तुएँ
C Downward price-consumption curve
नीचे जाती PCC
III Relatively elastic demand
अपेक्षाकृत लोचदार मांग
D Negative income effect
ऋणात्मक आय प्रभाव
IV Luxury goods
विलासिता वस्तुएँ
(a) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(a) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(b) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(b) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(c) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(c) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(d) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
(d) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
उत्तर: (d) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II

Explanation: Luxury, substitution, elastic price response, and inferiority determine the four matches.

व्याख्या: Luxury income elasticity>1; substitutes positive cross elasticity; usual two-good PCC interpretation में price cut पर other good consumption fall spending-share elasticity>1 दिखाता है; inferior negative income effect।

Game theory
खेल सिद्धांत

Question 84 / प्रश्न 84

PDF page 315 / PDF पृष्ठ 315

Which of the following strategies can never be used in a Nash Equilibrium?
Nash equilibrium में कौन strategy positive probability से use नहीं हो सकती ?

(a) Dominant strategy
(a) Dominant।
(b) Strongly dominated strategy
(b) Strictlydominated।
(c) Weakly dominated strategy
(c) Weaklydominated।
(d) None of the above
(d) कोई नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Strongly dominated strategy
उत्तर: (b) Strictlydominated।

Explanation: A strictly dominated strategy cannot be a best response at Nash equilibrium.

व्याख्या: Strictly dominated strategy हर opponent profile के सामने किसी alternative से worse है, इसलिए best response नहीं हो सकती। Weakly dominated strategy कुछ equilibria में tie के कारण use हो सकती है।

Information economics
सूचना अर्थशास्त्र

Question 89 / प्रश्न 89

PDF page 316 / PDF पृष्ठ 316

Match List I with List II.
Information/behaviour concepts match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Lowquality drives highquality out
निम्न गुणवत्ता उच्चकोबाहरकरे
I Moral hazard
नैतिकसंकट
B Hiddenactions affectpayments
छिपीक्रियाएँभुगतानकोप्रभावितकरें
II Ratcheteffect
रैचेटप्रभाव
C Ownershipraisesvaluation
स्वामित्वसेमूल्यांकनबढ़े
III Lemonsproblem
नींबूसमस्या
D Publicspendingpersists
सरकारीखर्चकाउच्चस्तरबनारहे
IV Endowmenteffect
संपदाप्रभाव
(a) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(a) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(b) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(b) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(c) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(c) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(d) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(d) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
उत्तर: (c) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Explanation: The matches distinguish adverse selection, hidden action, ownership bias, and persistent public spending.

व्याख्या: Adverse selection lemons AIII; hiddenaction moral hazard BI; ownership endowment CIV; spending downward rigidity ratchet DII।

June2024 re-exam · 28August2024
जून2024 पुनर्परीक्षा · 28अगस्त2024

Consumer behaviour
उपभोक्ता व्यवहार

Question 1 / प्रश्न 1

PDF page 318 / PDF पृष्ठ 318

For the demand function of good x, Qd = f(Px, Py, M) the sum the own price elasticity, cross price elasticity and income eleasticity of demand would be:
Good x की own-price, cross-price और income elasticities का sum क्या होगा?

(a) One
(a) एक
(b) Zero
(b) शून्य
(c) Two
(c) दो
(d) n where n > 1
(d) n, जहाँ n > 1
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Zero
उत्तर: (b) शून्य

Explanation: Degree-zero demand homogeneity makes the price and income elasticities sum to zero.

व्याख्या: Demand degree zero homogeneous है: सभी prices और income समान proportion में बदलें तो real budget और demand नहीं बदलते। Euler identity से εxx + εxy + εx M = 0; यह standard Marshallian demand की adding-up identity है।

Question 29 / प्रश्न 29

PDF page 323 / PDF पृष्ठ 323

Arrange the following items in order of their construction starting from the first stage of the last stage: (A) Budget (B) Utility Analysis (C) Demand curve analysis (D) Indifference curve analysis (E) Consumer's equilibrium
Consumer theory की expository sequence चुनें: A budget; B utility analysis; C demand curve; D indifference curves; E consumer equilibrium।

(a) (D), (B), (A), (E), (C)
(a) (D), (B), (A), (E), (C)
(b) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
(b) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
(c) (B), (D), (E), (C), (A)
(c) (B), (D), (E), (C), (A)
(d) (B), (D), (A), (E), (C)
(d) (B), (D), (A), (E), (C)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) (B), (D), (A), (E), (C)
उत्तर: (d) (B), (D), (A), (E), (C)

Explanation: Preferences, budget, optimal choice, and price variation form the demand-derivation sequence.

व्याख्या: Utility/preferences → indifference map → budget constraint → optimal bundle → price बदलकर demand curve derivation: B D A E C। यह teaching/derivation sequence है, theories के historical publication years का क्रम नहीं।

Question 42 / प्रश्न 42

PDF page 326 / PDF पृष्ठ 326

Indentify the correct statements from below: (A) When price consumption curve (PCC) for a good is parallel to horizontal axis, the demand function for the good is unitary elastic. (B) Given log D = α + β log y + γ log P then elasticity of log D with respect to log P is γ (C) The condition for stability in simple Keynesian system is 0 < MPC < 1 (D) The fixed cost curve is a rectangular huyperbola
सही statements चुनें: A horizontal PCC से unit elastic demand; B log D का log P के respect में “elasticity” γ है जहाँ log D=α+βlog Y+γlog P; C simple Keynesian stability में 0<MPC<1; D fixed cost curve rectangular hyperbola।

(a) (A), (C) only
(a) (A), (C) केवल
(b) (A), (C), (D) only
(b) (A), (C), (D) केवल
(c) (A), (B), (C) only
(c) (A), (B), (C) केवल
(d) (A), (B), (C), (D) only
(d) (A), (B), (C), (D) केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: a — literal reading; (c) if B means elasticity of D
उत्तर: B की wording पर निर्भर

Explanation: The log-log slope is demand elasticity, not literally elasticity oflog Dwith respect tolog P.

व्याख्या: A और C सही। γ = ∂log D/∂log P, यानी D की P के respect में elasticity; literal elasticity of log D wrt log P γ log P/log D है। D false: TFC horizontal है; AFC rectangular hyperbola। B को intended standard elasticity पढ़ें तो A B C, option(c); literal wording में (a)।

Welfare and equilibrium
कल्याण और संतुलन

Question 15 / प्रश्न 15

PDF page 321 / PDF पृष्ठ 321

Consider the following statements: (A) If a market generates a side effect or externality then the market solution are inefficient. (B) If a market is efficient, then the quantity produced in the market maximize both producer's and consumer's surplus. (C) Consumer's surplus is the buyer's WTP minus the seller's cost. (D) Smith's invisible hand concept implies that competitive market outcome generates equity among the members in the society. (E) Competitive market equilibrium is Pareto efficient.
सही statements चुनें: A externality में uncorrected market inefficient; B efficient output producer और consumer surplus “both” maximize करता है; C consumer surplus = WTP−seller cost; D invisible hand equity देता है; E competitive equilibrium Pareto efficient।

(a) (A), (B), (E) only
(a) (A), (B), (E) केवल
(b) (A), (B), (D) only
(b) (A), (B), (D) केवल
(c) (A), (E) only
(c) (A), (E) केवल
(d) (B), (D), (E) only
(d) (B), (D), (E) केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: Intended (a), with B interpreted as total surplus
उत्तर: Total surplus के अर्थ में intended (a)

Explanation: Efficiency maximises total CS+PS, not each independently; consumer surplus equals WTPminusprice.

व्याख्या: Efficiency consumer surplus और producer surplus के sum को maximize करती है, दोनों को अलग – अलग simultaneous maxima नहीं। CS = WTP−price; WTP−cost total gains है। D false: efficiency ≠ equity। Welfare theorem में complete markets और no externalities जैसी assumptions जरूरी हैं।

Question 28 / प्रश्न 28

PDF page 323 / PDF पृष्ठ 323

As per Walras' law the sum of excess demand for money, bonds and current output must be equal to _________.
Walras law में money, bonds और output की excess demands का aggregate क्या है?

(a) One
(a) एक
(b) Zero
(b) शून्य
(c) More than one
(c) एक से अधिक
(d) Less than one
(d) एक से कम
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Zero
उत्तर: (b) शून्य

Explanation: Walras’law concerns price-weighted excess demands, not an unweighted sum of quantities.

व्याख्या: Walras law value-weighted excess demand पर लागू है: Σpi zi = 0, जब सभी markets और budget constraints शामिल हों। अलग units वाली quantities को बिना price weights जोड़ना सही statement नहीं।

Question 38 / प्रश्न 38

PDF page 325 / PDF पृष्ठ 325

Match List I with List II.
Concepts को associated results/places से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Leading foreign exchange trading centre
प्रमुख forex trading centre
I von Neumann and Morgenstern
वॉन न्यूमन और मॉर्गनस्टर्न
B Competitive equilibrium Pareto efficient
प्रतिस्पर्धी संतुलन Pareto efficient
II General equilibrium analysis
सामान्य संतुलन
C Walras
वालरस
III London
लंदन
D Game theory
खेल सिद्धांत
IV First welfare theorem
प्रथम कल्याण प्रमेय
(a) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(a) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(b) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(b) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(c) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(c) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(d) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(d) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
उत्तर: (d) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Explanation: The matching covers forex centres, welfare theory, general equilibrium, and game theory.

व्याख्या: London leading forex centre; competitive efficiency first welfare theorem; Walras general equilibrium; von Neumann–Morgenstern game theory। “Beneficiary” की source wording की जगह trading centre का intended अर्थ लें।

Question 62 / प्रश्न 62

PDF page 330 / PDF पृष्ठ 330

Which of the following combinations of theorems and their subjects are correctly matched? (A) Modigliani – Miller theorem: Price of gtoods and real return to factor (B) Dorfman- Steiner theorem: Social choice (C) Arrow's impossibility theorem: Social choice (D) Stolper – Samuelson theorem: Capital structure (E) Fishers separation theorem: Profit maximization motivation
Mappings जाँचें: A Modigliani–Miller prices/factor returns; B Dorfman–Steiner social choice; C Arrow impossibility social choice; D Stolper–Samuelson capital structure; E Fisher separation profit-maximising investment।

(a) (A), (B), (D) only
(a) (A), (B), (D) केवल
(b) (B), (D), (E) only
(b) (B), (D), (E) केवल
(c) (A), (C), (D) only
(c) (A), (C), (D) केवल
(d) (B), (C), (E) only
(d) (B), (C), (E) केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: No exact option: C and the intended E
उत्तर: C तथा intended E का option नहीं

Explanation: Arrow and Fisher are the intended correct associations, but their combination is missing.

व्याख्या: MM capital structure, Dorfman–Steiner optimal advertising, Arrow social choice, Stolper–Samuelson goods prices/factor returns, Fisher separation investment choice independent of owners’ consumption preferences under perfect capital markets। B false है, इसलिए printed(d) B C E सही नहीं।

Production and costs
उत्पादन और लागत

Question 30 / प्रश्न 30

PDF page 323 / PDF पृष्ठ 323

Determine the degree of homogeneity of Q = LK/(L + K).
Q = LK/(L+K) की homogeneity degree क्या है?

(a) Homogeneous of degree 1
(a) Degree1
(b) Homogeneous of degree 0
(b) Degree0
(c) Homogeneous of degree [missing in source]
(c) Degree source में missing
(d) Homogeneous of degree [missing in source]
(d) Degree source में missing
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) Homogeneous of degree 1
उत्तर: (a) Degree1

Explanation: Scaling both inputs byt scales LK/(L+K)byt, so degree1.

व्याख्या: Homogeneity test: F(t L, t K)=t²LK/[t(L+K)] = t F(L, K); इसलिए degree one और constant returns to scale। Example: L=K=2 पर Q=1; inputs double करने पर Q=2।

Question 55 / प्रश्न 55

PDF page 329 / PDF पृष्ठ 329

In the Cobb-Douglas production function: q = ALα Kβ, where A, α and β are all positive, the parameters α and β meansure
Cobb–Douglas q=ALᵅKᵝ में α,β क्या मापते हैं?

(a) Output elasticities of inputs
(a) Inputs की output elasticities।
(b) Elasticity
(b) अस्पष्ट “elasticity”।
(c) Input price of outpur
(c) Output की input price।
(d) Technological conditions
(d) केवल technological conditions।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) Output elasticities of inputs
उत्तर: (a) Inputs की output elasticities।

Explanation: Cobb–Douglas exponents are the respective output elasticities.

व्याख्या: Output elasticity definition (∂q/∂L)(L/q)=α और capital के लिए β। Example α=.6 में labour1% बढ़े, K fixed हो, तो output लगभग.6% बढ़ता है। α+β returns-to-scale degree बताता है।

Question 81 / प्रश्न 81

PDF page 333 / PDF पृष्ठ 333

Consider the following statements: (A) MC schedule is obtained by subtracing successive values of TC only (B) MC sechedule is obtained by subtracting successive values of either TC or TVC (C) MC schedule is obtained by substracting successive values of either TVC or TFC (D) The area under the MC curve equals TC (E) AVC equals AC mains AFC
Cost statements जाँचें: A MC केवल successive TC differences; B TC या TVC differences; C TVC या TFC differences; D MC के नीचे area TC; E AVC=AC−AFC।

(a) (B), (D), (E) only
(a) (B), (D), (E) केवल
(b) (A), (D), (E) only
(b) (A), (D), (E) केवल
(c) (A), (C), (D), (E) only
(c) (A), (C), (D), (E) केवल
(d) (A), (C), (D) only
(d) (A), (C), (D) केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: No exact option: B and E
उत्तर: केवल B, E का option नहीं

Explanation: MCis the derivative of TCor TVC; its integral from zero is TVCwhen fixed costs are positive.

व्याख्या: MC=ΔTC/ΔQ=ΔTVC/ΔQ क्योंकि TFC fixed। ∫₀Q MC dq=TC(Q)−TC(0)=TVC(Q), total cost नहीं जब positive fixed cost हो। E सही। इसलिए printed(b) A D E गलत है।

Market structure and pricing
बाजार संरचना और मूल्य निर्धारण

Question 34 / प्रश्न 34

PDF page 325 / PDF पृष्ठ 325

Match List I with List II.
Pricing/distribution theories को economists से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Monopoly theory of distribution
एकाधिकार वितरण सिद्धांत
I F A Walker
वॉकर
B Theory of profit
लाभ सिद्धांत
II Joan Robinson
जोन रॉबिन्सन
C Full cost pricing
पूर्ण लागत मूल्य निर्धारण
III Michal Kalecki
काल्डोर नहीं, कालेकी
D Modern rent theory
आधुनिक लगान सिद्धांत
IV Hall and Hitch
हॉल और हिच
(a) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(a) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(b) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(b) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(c) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(c) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(d) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(d) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
उत्तर: (b) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

Explanation: The matching links monopoly distribution, differential profit, full-cost pricing, and transfer earnings.

व्याख्या: Kalecki degree-of-monopoly distribution; Walker differential profit; Hall–Hitch full-cost pricing; Robinson modern rent/transfer earnings association। सही AIII BI CIV DII।

Question 43 / प्रश्न 43

PDF page 326 / PDF पृष्ठ 326

For Q = 20/P, P ≤ 10 and constant MC = 1, find the profit maximising price and quantity.
Q=20/P, P≤10 और MC=1 में profit maximizing P, Q क्या होंगे?

(a) P=20, Q=4
(a) P=20, Q=4
(b) P=5, Q=4
(b) P=5, Q=4
(c) P=10, Q=2
(c) P=10, Q=2
(d) P=4, Q=5
(d) P=4, Q=5
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) P=10, Q=2
उत्तर: (c) P=10, Q=2

Explanation: Revenue is fixed at20; the price cap implies optimal P10, Q2.

व्याख्या: TR=PQ=20 constant और variable cost=Q है, इसलिए quantity कम करना profit बढ़ाता है। Price cap P≤10 के कारण highest feasible price10 और Q2 optimal हैं। यह boundary optimum है; interior MR=MC लगाना उचित नहीं।

Question 92 / प्रश्न 92

PDF page 335 / PDF पृष्ठ 335

Because of higher price (From Pc to Pm), find out the producer gains (producer surplus) from the following alternatives.
Competitive से monopoly price बढ़ने पर producer surplus का net change क्या है?

(a) A + C
(a) A + C
(b) A – C
(b) A – C
(c) A + B
(c) A + B
(d) B + C
(d) B + C
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) A – C
उत्तर: (b) A – C

Explanation: Producer-surplus change is transfer A minus lost producer triangle C.

व्याख्या: Rectangle A extra receipts का gain है, लेकिन reduced output से producer-surplus triangle C खोता है। इसलिए net producer change A−C। Revenue gain को net surplus gain न समझें।

Question 93 / प्रश्न 93

PDF page 335 / PDF पृष्ठ 335

Find out the consumer loss because of moving from competitive to monopoly price (from Pc to pm) from the following alternatives:
Competitive से monopoly price बढ़ने पर consumer surplus का loss क्या है?

(a) A and C
(a) A और C
(b) A and B
(b) A और B
(c) B and C
(c) B और C
(d) A only
(d) A केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) A and B
उत्तर: (b) A और B

Explanation: Consumer-surplus loss is the transfer Aplus lost consumer triangle B.

व्याख्या: Consumers retained units पर extra payment A और lost purchases का surplus B खोते हैं: total loss A+B। A producer को transfer है, जबकि B deadweight-loss का हिस्सा है।

Question 94 / प्रश्न 94

PDF page 336 / PDF पृष्ठ 336

Dead weight loss from the monopoly power is one of the following alternatives.
Conventional monopoly deadweight loss कौन सा area है?

(a) A + B
(a) A + B
(b) A + C
(b) A + C
(c) A
(c) A
(d) B + C
(d) B + C
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) B + C
उत्तर: (d) B + C

Explanation: Deadweight loss comprises the two lost-trade triangles B+C.

व्याख्या: Consumer loss A+B से producer gain A−C घटाएँ: DWL=(A+B)−(A−C)=B+C। Transfer rectangle A social loss नहीं क्योंकि वह दूसरे market participant को जाता है। External damages हों तो यह conventional diagram अधूरा होगा।

Question 95 / प्रश्न 95

PDF page 336 / PDF पृष्ठ 336

As a result of higher price, the producer gain and at the same time losed by amount respectively as shown below:
Producer का gross gain और lost surplus respectively कौन से areas हैं?

(a) B, A
(a) B, A
(b) B, C
(b) B, C
(c) A, C
(c) A, C
(d) Only A
(d) केवल A
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) A, C
उत्तर: (c) A, C

Explanation: Producer-side components are the transfer Aandlost producer triangle C.

व्याख्या: Higher price से gross transfer gain A और output contraction से lost producer surplus C है। इसलिए requested ordered pair A, C; net change A−C है।

Game theory
खेल सिद्धांत

Question 80 / प्रश्न 80

PDF page 333 / PDF पृष्ठ 333

Find the pure-strategy Nash equilibrium. Payoffs are (Player 1, Player 2).
दिए payoff matrix में Nash equilibrium चुनें।

Player1 / Player2 B1 B2 B3
A1 (4,2) (2,1) (5,0)
A2 (3,5) (3,2) (3,4)
A3 (5,2) (4,4) (3,1)
(a) The strategy combination (A3, B2) with outcome (4, 4)
(a) A3, B2 payoff(4,4)।
(b) The strategy combination (A3, B1) with outcome (5, 2)
(b) A3, B1 payoff(5,2)।
(c) The strategry combination (A1, B2) with outcome (2, 1)
(c) A1, B2 payoff(2,1)।
(d) The strategy combination (A3, B2) (3, 1)
(d) A3, B2 payoff(3,1), जैसा print है।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) The strategy combination (A3, B2) with outcome (4, 4)
उत्तर: (a) A3, B2 payoff(4,4)।

Explanation: (A3, B2), payoffs(4,4), is a mutual best response in the displayed matrix.

व्याख्या: Player1 के B2 पर best response A3(4); Player2 का A3 पर best response B2(4)। इसलिए mutual best response(A3, B2),(4,4)। B1 पर Player1 A3 चाहता है लेकिन A3 पर Player2 B2 चाहता है, इसलिए (A3, B1) equilibrium नहीं।

Information economics
सूचना अर्थशास्त्र

Question 90 / प्रश्न 90

PDF page 335 / PDF पृष्ठ 335

The concept of efficiency wage theory was developed by:
Listed economists में efficiency-wage theory से कौन जुड़े हैं?

(a) Yellen and Stiglitz
(a) Yellen और Stiglitz
(b) Jan Tinbergen
(b) Jan Tinbergen
(c) Alfred Marshall
(c) Alfred Marshall
(d) Vilfredo Pareto
(d) Vilfredo Pareto
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: a — important modern contributors, not exclusive originators
उत्तर: प्रमुख modern contributors

Explanation: Yellen and Stiglitz are contributors to modern efficiency-wage theory, without implying sole originators.

व्याख्या: Yellen और Stiglitz modern efficiency-wage literature से जुड़े हैं; Shapiro–Stiglitz 1984 canonical shirking model है, Yellen 1984 का influential synthesis भी है। Earlier efficiency-wage ideas मौजूद थे, इसलिए (a) को सभी versions की sole origin story न समझें।

December2024 · held3January2025
दिसंबर2024 · परीक्षा3जनवरी2025

Welfare and equilibrium
कल्याण और संतुलन

Question 7 / प्रश्न 7

PDF page 338 / PDF पृष्ठ 338

Which requirement correctly states the Scitovsky double criterion?
Scitovsky double criterion के लिए सही requirement क्या है?

(a) does not require the fulfilment of Kaldor – Hicks Welfare criterion test.
(a) Kaldor–Hicks test आवश्यक नहीं।
(b) requires only the fulfilment of reversal test
(b) केवल reverse test।
(c) does not require the fulfillment of reversal test
(c) Reverse test आवश्यक नहीं।
(d) requires the fulfillment of Kaldor-Hicks test and reversal test
(d) Forward compensation test और reversal न होने की condition दोनों।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) requires the fulfillment of Kaldor-Hicks test and reversal test
उत्तर: (d) Forward compensation test और reversal न होने की condition दोनों।

Explanation: Scitovsky requires a forward compensation test without a welfare-improving reversal.

व्याख्या: Double criterion welfare reversals रोकता है: proposed move compensation test pass करे और reverse move corresponding improvement न माने। Source(a) forward Kaldor–Hicks condition को deny करता है, इसलिए correct choice(d) है।

Question 83 / प्रश्न 83

PDF page 357 / PDF पृष्ठ 357

Walras' Law states that if N−1 markets are in equilibrium, then we can achieve the equilibrium price(s) in the following market(s):
Walras law में N−1 markets clearing हों तो कौन सा remaining market implied है?

(a) Nth Market
(a) Nth market।
(b) 2N Market
(b) 2N markets।
(c) N-3 Market
(c) N−3 market।
(d) N-3 Market
(d) N−3 market, repeated।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) Nth Market
उत्तर: (a) Nth market।

Explanation: Walras’law implies the last market clears when the other markets do and its price is positive.

व्याख्या: Budget consistency से value excess demand sum zero है। बाकी markets clear और remaining market price positive हो तो उसका excess demand भी zero। Zero-price/free-good corner में value identity से quantity equality का stronger inference सावधानी से करें।

Market structure and pricing
बाजार संरचना और मूल्य निर्धारण

Question 13 / प्रश्न 13

PDF page 340 / PDF पृष्ठ 340

Match List I with List II.
Market models को descriptions से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Perfect competition
पूर्ण प्रतिस्पर्धा
I Price sets first, demand determines sales / price choice
B Bertrand
बर्ट्रैंड
II Strategic interdependence
रणनीतिक परस्पर निर्भरता
C Stackelberg
स्टैकेलबर्ग
III Many buyers/sellers
अनेक खरीदार विक्रेता
D Oligopoly
अल्पाधिकार
IV Few competing firms
कम competing firms
(a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(b) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(b) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(c) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(c) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(d) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(d) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
उत्तर: (a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV

Explanation: The matching distinguishes competitive markets, price choice, sequential strategic dependence, and few sellers.

व्याख्या: Perfect competition many sellers; Bertrand price choice; Stackelberg leader anticipates follower reaction; oligopoly few firms। II broad feature है, Stackelberg का exclusive identifying definition नहीं।

Question 72 / प्रश्न 72

PDF page 354 / PDF पृष्ठ 354

The marginal revenue of a business firm is ₹10 and it charges a price of ₹30 per unit. Assuming the business firm is a profit maximizer, what is the firm's own-price elasticity of demand at the profit-maximizing point?
MR10, P30 पर signed own-price elasticity कितनी है?

(a) 1.5
(a) 1.5
(b) – 1.5
(b) – 1.5
(c) – 0.66
(c) – 0.66
(d) 0.66
(d) 0.66
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) – 1.5
उत्तर: (b) – 1.5

Explanation: 10/30=1+1/εimplies signed elasticity−1.5.

व्याख्या: MR=P(1+1/ε), इसलिए 10/30=1+1/ε ⇒1/ε=−2/3 ⇒ε=−1.5। Absolute elasticity1.5 है, लेकिन signed demand elasticity negative है। Positive MC वाले monopoly optimum में elastic segment relevant है।

Question 78 / प्रश्न 78

PDF page 356 / PDF पृष्ठ 356

Which of the following is not a characteristic appropriate for a monopolistic competitor?
Monopolistic competitor की कौन सी characteristic definitely incorrect है?

(a) Firms have no control over the price.
(a) Firm का price पर कोई control नहीं।
(b) Perfect mobility of factors of production.
(b) Perfect factor mobility।
(c) Products are differentiated.
(c) Differentiated products।
(d) Factor prices and technology are given.
(d) Given factor prices और technology।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) Firms have no control over the price.
उत्तर: (a) Firm का price पर कोई control नहीं।

Explanation: A differentiated firm has some price-setting power; “no control”is false.

व्याख्या: Differentiation से firm downward demand face करती और कुछ price-setting power रखती है। इसलिए “no control over price” false। Source(b) देता है, लेकिन factor mobility model ling assumption हो सकती है; zero price control perfect-competition benchmark है।

Production and costs
उत्पादन और लागत

Question 16 / प्रश्न 16

PDF page 340 / PDF पृष्ठ 340

For the CES function F=[a₁x₁ᵖ+a₂x₂ᵖ]^(1/p), find the elasticity of substitution.
CES F=[a₁x₁ᵖ+a₂x₂ᵖ]^(1/p) में substitution elasticity क्या है?

(a) 1
(a) 1
(b) p
(b) p
(c) 1/p
(c) 1/p
(d) 1/(1−p)
(d) 1/(1−p)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) 1/(1−p)
उत्तर: (d) 1/(1−p)

Explanation: For the displayed positive-power CES form,σ=1/(1−p).

व्याख्या: इस parametrisation में σ=1/(1−p)। Example p=0 limit Cobb–Douglas और σ=1; p→1 perfect substitutes limit। Source outer exponent गलत / अधूरा extracted है; standard degree-one CES form यहाँ लिखा है।

Question 58 / प्रश्न 58

PDF page 351 / PDF पृष्ठ 351

The tangency point between a non-linear Isoquant and an Isocost line implies which of the following:
Smooth convex isoquant और isocost की tangency क्या दर्शाती है?

(a) The point of production efficiency where a firm can produce the desired output at the lowest possible cost.
(a) Given output का interior least-cost combination।
(b) Different levels of output that can be produced using a given level of input.
(b) Given inputs पर अलग outputs।
(c) Different combinations of inputs that can be used to produce a specified level of output.
(c) केवल isoquant की definition।
(d) The minimum cost combination of inputs required to produce various levels of output.
(d) अलग outputs के सभी combinations।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) The point of production efficiency where a firm can produce the desired output at the lowest possible cost.
उत्तर: (a) Given output का interior least-cost combination।

Explanation: Tangency gives an interior cost minimum only with suitable convexity and regularity.

व्याख्या: Interior cost minimum में MRTS= w/r, साथ में convexity/regularity जरूरी। Tangency necessary stationary condition है; nonconvex cases में हर tangency minimum नहीं। Perfect substitutes/complements के corner/kink optima में tangency जरूरी नहीं।

Question 73 / प्रश्न 73

PDF page 355 / PDF पृष्ठ 355

For the production function Q=AKαLB, where is A, α,β > 0 which of the following statement(s) is/are true? (A) The degree of homogeneity is 1 (B) α is the output elasticity with respect to capital. (C) It exhibits constant returns to scale. (D) Marginal product of a factor = Average product of the factor.
Q=AKᵅLᵝ, A,α,β>0 में कौन true: Adegree1; B α capital output elasticity; Cconstant returns; DMP=AP?

(a) Only A and B
(a) केवल A और B
(b) Only B and C
(b) केवल B और C
(c) Only B and D
(c) केवल B और D
(d) Only B
(d) केवल B
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Only B
उत्तर: (d) केवल B

Explanation: Capital elasticity isα; homogeneity degree isα+β, not necessarily1.

व्याख्या: Capital elasticity α है। Degree α+β है, necessarily1 नहीं; CRS के लिएα+β=1 चाहिए। MPK=α APK, MPL=β APL, इसलिए MP=AP generally नहीं। केवल B।

Game theory
खेल सिद्धांत

Question 28 / प्रश्न 28

PDF page 344 / PDF पृष्ठ 344

Arrange the following from earlier to present (A) John F. Nash (B) Von Neumann and Oscar Morgenstern (C) Robert Axelrod (D) Paul Milgrom (E) John Maynard Smith
इन game theorists का earlier-to-present order चुनें: A Nash; B von Neumann–Morgenstern; C Axelrod; D Milgrom; E Maynard Smith।

(a) A, B, C, D, E
(a) A, B, C, D, E
(b) A, C, B, D, E
(b) A, C, B, D, E
(c) A, D, B, C, E
(c) A, D, B, C, E
(d) B, A, C, E, D
(d) B, A, C, E, D
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: Chronology criterion unspecified; printed (d) is not a universal ordering
उत्तर: criterion अस्पष्ट

Explanation: Usual publication dates place Maynard Smith before Axelrod; an unspecified person-list chronology is not unique.

व्याख्या: Typical work dates: von Neumann–Morgenstern 1944, Nash 1950/51, Maynard Smith evolutionary stability 1973 (book 1982), Axelrod book 1984। Thus C before E in printed(d) conflicts with the usual publication criterion। Birth dates, first papers और Nobel dates अलग order दे सकते हैं; person-list बिना event/year unique नहीं।

Question 60 / प्रश्न 60

PDF page 351 / PDF पृष्ठ 351

Consider the following statements: (A) Price leadership equilibrium strategy is a Nash Equilibrium strategy. (B) Bertrand equilibrium strategy is a Nash Equilibrium strategy. (C) Stackelberg equilibrium strategy is a Nash Equilibrium strategy. (D) Monopolist equilibrium strategy is a Nash Equilibrium strategy. (E) Cournot equilibrium strategy is a Nash Equilibrium strategy.
Nash concepts पर statements: A price leadership; B Bertrand; C Stackelberg; D monopoly; E Cournot equilibrium strategies Nash हैं।

(a) Only A
(a) केवल A
(b) Only B
(b) केवल B
(c) Only A, B, C, E
(c) केवल A, B, C, E
(d) Only D and E
(d) केवल D और E
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer / उत्तर: c — for properly specified strategic games / strategic-game interpretation

Explanation: Cournot/Bertrand and the sequential Stackelberg solution can be Nash outcomes; monopoly lacks strategic opponents.

व्याख्या: Bertrand/Cournot Nash solutions हैं; Stackelberg sequential game का subgame-perfect solution Nash भी है। Price leadership को explicit leader/follower game और credible responses के साथ specify करना चाहिए। Monopoly usual nonstrategic single-firm problem है; blanket strategy labels sufficient नहीं।

Question 71 / प्रश्न 71

PDF page 354 / PDF पृष्ठ 354

Match List I with List II.
Game theorists/concepts match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A von Neumann–Morgenstern
वॉन न्यूमन मॉर्गनस्टर्न
I Tit for tat / tit for tat
B Axelrod
एक्सेलरॉड
II Theory of Games and Economic Behavior /1944 book
C Stackelberg leadership
स्टैकेलबर्ग leadership
III Nash equilibrium
नैश संतुलन
D Single-shot game / one-shot game IV Defection / defection
(a) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(a) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(b) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(b) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(c) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(c) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(d) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(d) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: d — with D restricted to the prisoners’ dilemma
उत्तर: D की PD condition

Explanation: Defection is dominant in the one-shot prisoners’dilemma, not in every one-shot game.

व्याख्या: AII, BI, CIII matching सही। Single-shot prisoners’ dilemma में defection dominant है; every single-shot game में defection universal strategy नहीं। Coordination games और other payoffs के equilibria अलग हो सकते हैं।

Question 91 / प्रश्न 91

PDF page 359 / PDF पृष्ठ 359

Find the correct option. Nash Equilibrium occurs when both firms earn:
Security-investment game में Nash equilibrium payoffs क्या हैं?

(a) ($200, $200)
(a) ($200, $200)
(b) ($225, $225)
(b) ($225, $225)
(c) ($100 $250)
(c) ($100 $250)
(d) ($225 $100)
(d) ($225 $100)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) ($200, $200)
उत्तर: (a) ($200, $200)

Explanation: The original diagram makes no-invest dominant for both firms; the Nash payoffs are200,200.

व्याख्या: Firm2 no-invest पर Firm1 के payoffs200(no-invest)>100(invest); Firm2 invest पर 250(no-invest)>225(invest)। Symmetrically no-invest दोनों की dominant strategy है। NE(200,200), जबकि दोनों invest पर 225 each Pareto-better है।

Question 92 / प्रश्न 92

PDF page 359 / PDF पृष्ठ 359

As a result of security investment by one firm in an industry with two firms:
एक firm के security investment से workers की wages का effect क्या है?

(a) The wages of workers increase in the firm that did not invest.
(a) Noninvestor firm में wages बढ़ती हैं।
(b) The wages of workers increase in the firm that invested.
(b) Investor firm में wages बढ़ती हैं।
(c) The wages of workers decrease in the firm that invested.
(c) Investor firm में wages घटती हैं।
(d) The wages of workers decrease in both firms.
(d) दोनों में wages घटती हैं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: Cannot infer wages from the supplied payoff table
उत्तर: Table से wages infer नहीं होती ं

Explanation: Firm payoff entries alone do not identify workers’wages or compensating differentials.

व्याख्या: Matrix केवल firm payoffs देती है; wages, risks, worker choices और investment costs को अलग नहीं करती। Source(d) के लिए additional compensating-wage/labour-market mechanism चाहिए, जो passage में नहीं दिया। Payoff difference को wage change कहना unjustified है।

Question 93 / प्रश्न 93

PDF page 359 / PDF पृष्ठ 359

Investment made by both firms is:
दोनों firms का invest करना क्या Nash equilibrium है?

(a) An equilibrium
(a) An equilibrium।
(b) Partially an equilibrium
(b) Partly equilibrium।
(c) Not an equilibrium
(c) Nash equilibrium नहीं।
(d) A Nash Equilibrium
(d) Nash equilibrium।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Not an equilibrium
उत्तर: (c) Nash equilibrium नहीं।

Explanation: At225,225either firm can deviate to250, so mutual investment is not Nash.

व्याख्या: दोनों invest पर 225 each है, लेकिन unilateral no-invest deviation से 250 मिलता है। इसलिए mutual investment profitable deviation से सुरक्षित नहीं, Nash equilibrium नहीं। Socially preferred outcome और self-enforcing equilibrium अलग हैं।

Question 94 / प्रश्न 94

PDF page 359 / PDF पृष्ठ 359

The problem of underinvestment in this game can be avoided if:
Underinvestment problem को कौन सा institutional measure रोक सकता है?

(a) One firm invests and the other firm does not invest.
(a) केवल एक firm invest करे।
(b) The government sets security standards that oblige both firms to invest.
(b) Enforceable government security standards दोनों से investment कराएँ।
(c) Both invest
(c) दोनों invest कह देना।
(d) Neither invests
(d) दोनों न invest करें।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) The government sets security standards that oblige both firms to invest.
उत्तर: (b) Enforceable government security standards दोनों से investment कराएँ।

Explanation: Enforceable standards can change feasible actions or incentives to implement investment.

व्याख्या: Mandatory enforceable standards feasible choices/incentives बदलकर दोनों -invest outcome implement कर सकते हैं। केवल socially desired action घोषित करना unilateral deviation incentive नहीं हटाता; enforcement और costs important हैं।

Question 95 / प्रश्न 95

PDF page 359 / PDF पृष्ठ 359

What is the direct safety effect intended when one firm invests in security?
एक firm में security investment का direct intended safety effect क्या है?

(a) It increases the security of both firms
(a) दोनों firms equally safer।
(b) It increases the security of the investing firm
(b) Investing firm की security बढ़ती है।
(c) Overall industry security cannot be guaranteed
(c) Industry-wide guarantee नहीं।
(d) It increases the security of the non-investing firm
(d) केवल noninvestor safer।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: b — direct physical-safety interpretation
उत्तर: direct safety अर्थ में

Explanation: Safety improves directly at the investing firm; pecuniary benefits to another firm do not prove its physical safety improves.

व्याख्या: Investing firm में safety improvement direct intended effect है। Matrix alone safety या wage quantities quantify नहीं करती। Noninvestor को pecuniary payoff gain होने का अर्थ उसके physical workplace की security बढ़ना नहीं।

Consumer behaviour
उपभोक्ता व्यवहार

Question 31 / प्रश्न 31

PDF page 345 / PDF पृष्ठ 345

Read the following example and
Letter grades A>B>C rank बताते हैं, लेकिन gaps की magnitude नहीं। कौन सा utility framework उचित है?

(a) Marshall's Utility Analysis
(a) Marshall cardinal utility।
(b) Revealed Preference Analysis
(b) Revealed preferences।
(c) Slutsky Equation
(c) Slutsky equation।
(d) Indifference Curve Analysis
(d) Indifference-curve ordinal utility।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Indifference Curve Analysis
उत्तर: (d) Indifference-curve ordinal utility।

Explanation: Ordinal utility encodes ranking, not measurable orinterpersonally comparable utility differences.

व्याख्या: Ordinal utility केवल ranking encode करती है, intensity या comparable differences नहीं। u और increasing transform जैसे u³ same preference ordering represent कर सकते हैं। Example grades का rank meaningful लेकिन A−B=B−C inferred नहीं।

Question 45 / प्रश्न 45

PDF page 348 / PDF पृष्ठ 348

The basis of Consumer Surplus in Marshall's Utility Analysis is the:
Marshallian consumer surplus का chief utility आधार क्या है?

(a) Law of Equi-Marginal Utility
(a) Equimarginal utility।
(b) Law of Proportion
(b) Proportions law।
(c) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
(c) Diminishing marginal utility।
(d) Law of Demand
(d) केवल demand का नाम।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
उत्तर: (c) Diminishing marginal utility।

Explanation: Diminishing marginal WTPsupports Marshallian surplus, subject to the usual income-effect qualifications.

व्याख्या: Diminishing marginal willingness to pay के कारण earlier units की WTP uniform paid price से अधिक होती है। Quasilinear/constant marginal utility of money जैसी assumptions में area-under-demand money measure meaningful है। CS=total WTP−expenditure।

Information economics
सूचना अर्थशास्त्र

Question 34 / प्रश्न 34

PDF page 346 / PDF पृष्ठ 346

Asymmetric information in the Market for Lemons results in: (A) A gradual decline in the average price. (B) Higher-quality products being gradually withdrawn from the market. (C) Adverse selection by one party. (D) Lower-quality products being gradually withdrawn.
Lemons market में: A pooled average price गिरना; B high quality exit; C adverse selection; D low quality exit—कौन intended हैं?

(a) Only A
(a) केवल A
(b) Only A, C
(b) केवल A, C
(c) Only A, B, D
(c) केवल A, B, D
(d) Only A, B, C
(d) केवल A, B, C
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Only A, B, C
उत्तर: (d) केवल A, B, C

Explanation: Hidden quality can drive high-quality seller exit and a downward adverse-selection spiral.

व्याख्या: Buyers quality observe न कर सकें तो willingness to pay pooled expected quality पर बनती है। High-quality sellers exit कर सकते हैं, average quality/price और घटती है। A B C adverse-selection spiral हैं; D इसका उलटा है। Market collapse हर parameterisation में guaranteed नहीं।