UGC NET Economics 2024 Unit 3: Statistics and Econometrics PYQs (English–Hindi)

UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2024 · UNIT 3

Statistics and Econometrics PYQs
सांख्यिकी और अर्थमिति के प्रश्न

June2024 · Cancelled paper
जून2024 · रद्द प्रश्नपत्र

Regression and econometrics
प्रतिगमन और अर्थमिति

Question 1 / प्रश्न 1

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There are several reasons why serial correlation occurs. The reason which does not cause serial correlation is:
Serial correlation का कारण कौन नहीं है?

(a) Most time-series data exhibit business cycles
(a) Time-series में business cycles।
(b) Researchers may have excluded some important variable from the regression
(b) Important variable छूटना।
(c) Some variables react with a lag
(c) Lagged responses।
(d) Large variation in the observed explanatory variables
(d) Explanatory variable में बड़ा variation।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Large variation in the observed explanatory variables
उत्तर: (d) Explanatory variable में बड़ा variation।

Explanation: Large variation in regressors alone does not create serially correlated errors.

व्याख्या: Serial correlation errors का time के across correlation है। Persistent omitted variables, cycles और adjustment lags इसे पैदा कर सकते हैं; X का large variation अपने आप error autocorrelation नहीं बनाता।

Question 5 / प्रश्न 5

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In the two variable regression model, where the number of observation is 13, the variance of error term is 0.893652 and TSS is 105.1188. Find the coefficient of determination (r2).
n=13, error-variance estimate=.893652 और TSS=105.1188 में R² कितना है?

(a) 0.9521
(a) 0.9521
(b) 0.9065
(b) 0.9065
(c) 0.8681
(c) 0.8681
(d) 0.9345
(d) 0.9345
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) 0.9065
उत्तर: (b) 0.9065

Explanation: RSS=(13−2)×.893652; R²=1−RSS/105.1188≈.9065.

व्याख्या: Intercept+slope regression में residual df=13−2=11। RSS=11×.893652=9.830172; R²=1−RSS/TSS≈.906485≈.9065। Variance को n से multiply करना df correction छोड़ देगा।

Question 16 / प्रश्न 16

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Which statement is not true for a regression through the origin?
Through-origin regression में कौन statement गलत है?

(a) The residual sum need not be zero.
(a) Residuals का sum zero जरूरी नहीं।
(b) The raw R² is directly comparable to conventional centred R².
(b) Raw R² conventional centred R² से सीधे comparable है।
(c) Raw sums of squares and cross-products are used.
(c) Estimation raw sums/cross-products use करता है।
(d) Conventionally computed centred R² may be negative.
(d) Conventional centred R² negative हो सकता है।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) The raw R² is directly comparable to conventional centred R².
उत्तर: (b) Raw R² conventional centred R² से सीधे comparable है।

Explanation: Uncentred and centred R² use different base lines and cannot be compared directly.

व्याख्या: No-intercept fit में uncentred total sum Σy² और usual centred Σ(y−ȳ)² अलग base lines हैं। Uncentred R² को centred R² से directly compare न करें; centred R² negative हो सकता है और residual sum zero guaranteed नहीं।

Question 39 / प्रश्न 39

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In the following simultaneous equation models,/ Y1t – β10 – β12Y2t – β13Y3t – α11X1t = u1t -(1) Y2t – β20 – β23Y3t – β21Y1t – α22X2t = u2t -(2) Y3t – β30 – β31Y1t – β31Y1t – α32X2t = u3t -(3) Y4t – β40 – β41Y1t – β42Y2t – α43X3t = u4t -(4) Based on the rank condition find the equation – (2) is __________.
Printed four-equation structural system में equation2 की rank condition क्या बताती है?

(a) Identified
(a) Identified।
(b) Over identified
(b) Overidentified।
(c) Unidentified
(c) Unidentified।
(d) None of the above
(d) इनमें से कोई नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Unidentified
उत्तर: (c) Unidentified।

Explanation: The excluded-variable coefficient matrix has rank2, below the required3, so identification fails.

व्याख्या: Equation2 से excluded columns(Y₄, X₁, X₃) लें। Other-equation coefficient matrix की independent rows केवल 2 हैं, इसलिए rank2<g−1=3। Necessary full rank fail होने से under/unidentified है। Equation3 में Y₁ duplicated होने की printing problem भी है; source overidentification claim rank से support नहीं होता।

Question 50 / प्रश्न 50

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Match List I with List II.
Heteroscedasticity tests को auxiliary regressions से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Park
पार्क
I û² on fitted ŷ² / residual square on fitted value square
B Glejser
ग्लेज़र
II lnû² on ln X
C Koenker–Bassett
कोएनकर बैसेट
III |û| on1/√X
D White
व्हाइट
IV û² on levels, squares, cross products
(a) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(a) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(b) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(b) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(c) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(c) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(d) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(d) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
उत्तर: (d) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

Explanation: Park uses log squared residuals, Glejser absolute residuals, and White levels, squares, and cross-products.

व्याख्या: Park log-squared residual, Glejser absolute residual, Koenker–Bassett fitted-value variance regression, White levels+squares+cross-products। Matching AII BIII CI DIV।

Question 64 / प्रश्न 64

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In testing the restrictions imposed on a model a we calculate F-statistics and compare this value to the table F(m, n – k). In this formula 'm' is the:
Nested-model F(m, n−k) test में numerator df m क्या है?

(a) Number of regressors in the two models taken together.
(a) दोनों models के कुल regressors।
(b) Sample size of the restricted model.
(b) Restricted sample size।
(c) Number of explanatory variables dropped in the restricted model.
(c) Zero-restriction में हटाए regressors की संख्या।
(d) Number of parameters estimated in the restricted model.
(d) Restrictedmodelestimatedparameters।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Number of explanatory variables dropped in the restricted model.
उत्तर: (c) Zero-restriction में हटाए regressors की संख्या।

Explanation: The numerator degrees of freedom count independent restrictions, or dropped coefficients in exclusion tests.

व्याख्या: Generally m independent restrictions की संख्या है। Jointly zero coefficients test में यह dropped regressors के बराबर है। F=[(RSSᵣ−RSSᵤ)/m]/[RSSᵤ/(n−kᵤ)]।

Question 73 / प्रश्न 73

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Match List I with List II.
Regression-line relations match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Coincident
संपाती
I Intercepts differ, slopes same
अलग intercept, same slope
B Parallel
समानांतर
II Intercepts/slopes both differ
दोनों अलग
C Concurrent
same intercept पर intersect
III Intercepts/slopes both same
दोनों समान
D Dissimilar
असमान
IV Intercepts same, slopes differ
same intercept, अलग slope
(a) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(a) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(b) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(b) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(c) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
(c) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
(d) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(d) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
उत्तर: (d) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Explanation: Coincident lines share both coefficients; parallel lines only the slope; concurrent lines here share the intercept.

व्याख्या: Coincident both coefficients equal; parallel same slope, different intercept; यहाँ concurrent same intercept, different slope; dissimilar both different। AIII BI CIV DII।

Probability and distributions
प्रायिकता और वितरण

Question 12 / प्रश्न 12

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In a random arrangement of VIOLENT, find the probability that vowels I, O, E occupy odd positions only.
VIOLENT के random arrangement में I, O, E केवल odd positions पर हों, probability क्या है?

(a) 3/35
(a) 3/35
(b) 4/35
(b) 4/35
(c) 4/42
(c) 4/42
(d) 3/42
(d) 3/42
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) 4/35
उत्तर: (b) 4/35

Explanation: There are four odd slots; C(4,3)/C(7,3)=4/35.

व्याख्या: 7 slots में 4 odd हैं। Vowel-position sets C(4,3), कुल C(7,3); probability4/35। Equivalent favourable4×3!×4! divided by7!।

Question 78 / प्रश्न 78

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Which of the following statements are true in case of theoretical distributions? A. The mean of a symmetrical binomial distribution is 5 and the number of trials is 10 B. The mean of a Poisson distribution is 5 and the standard deviation is 3 C. The mean of a normal distribution is 5 and third order central moment (μ3) is 2 D. For a binomial distribution mean = 4 and then variance = 3 E. For a Poisson distribution if mean = 10 then, standard deviation = 5
Distributions: A symmetric binomial mean5, n10; B Poisson mean5SD3; C normal mean5third central moment2; D binomial mean4var3; E Poisson mean10SD5।

(a) A, B and E only
(a) A, B और E केवल
(b) B, D and E only
(b) B, D और E केवल
(c) A and D only
(c) A और D केवल
(d) A, C and D only
(d) A, C और D केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) A and D only
उत्तर: (c) A और D केवल

Explanation: A is a symmetric binomial; D is feasible with n16, p.25; the other moment claims fail.

व्याख्या: A:p.5, n10 ⇒mean5। D:variance=np(1−p)=4(1−p)=3 ⇒p.25, n16 feasible। Poisson SD√mean है; normal third central moment0। इसलिए A, D।

Descriptive statistics
वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी

Question 30 / प्रश्न 30

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Which of the following are true in case of the measures of dispersion and central tendency? A. Algebraic sum of deviations from mean is minimum B. Mean deviation is least when calculated from median C. Variance is always non-negative D. Mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation have same units E. Relative measures of dispersion are independent of units of measurement.
Dispersion: A algebraic deviations sum mean पर minimum; B absolute deviation median पर minimum; C variance non negative; D mean, SD, CV same units; E relative measures unit free।

(a) A, B, C and E only
(a) A, B, C और E केवल
(b) B, C and D only
(b) B, C और D केवल
(c) B, C, D and E only
(c) B, C, D और E केवल
(d) B, C and E only
(d) B, C और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) B, C and E only
उत्तर: (d) B, C और E केवल

Explanation: Absolute deviations are minimised at the median; variance is non negative and CV is dimension less.

व्याख्या: Σ(x−mean)=0 है, लेकिन algebraic sum का minimisation criterion नहीं। Median absolute losses minimise करता है; squared deviations mean पर minimum हैं। Variance≥0; CV=SD/mean dimension less। इसलिए B C E।

Statistical inference
सांख्यिकीय अनुमान

Question 49 / प्रश्न 49

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Match List I with List II.
Normal-population large-sample standard errors match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Sample SD
sample मानक विचलन
I √[σ₁²/(2n₁)+σ₂²/(2n₂)]
B Sample variance
sample प्रसरण
II σ²√(2/n)
C Difference of independent means
स्वतंत्र means का अंतर
III σ/√(2n)
D Difference of independent SDs
स्वतंत्र SDs का अंतर
IV √[σ₁²/n₁+σ₂²/n₂]
(a) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(a) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(b) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(b) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(c) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(c) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(d) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(d) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
उत्तर: (b) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Explanation: Independent-estimator variances add; the displayed standard errors are large-sample normal approximations.

व्याख्या: SE(S)≈σ/√(2n), SE(S²)≈σ²√(2/n); independent estimators की variances add होती हैं। ये large-n approximations हैं; unbiased normal sample variance का exactdf n−1 होगा।

Time series
काल श्रेणी

Question 77 / प्रश्न 77

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A stocastic process whose mean, variance and auto covariance are constant over time is known as:
Time-in variant mean/variance और lag-dependent auto covariance वाला process?

(a) Trend stationary
(a) Trendstationary।
(b) Difference stationary
(b) Differencestationary।
(c) Weakly stationary
(c) Weaklystationary।
(d) Strictly stationary
(d) Strictlystationary।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Weakly stationary
उत्तर: (c) Weaklystationary।

Explanation: Weak stationarity requires constant mean/variance and covariance depending only on lag.

व्याख्या: Weak/covariance stationarity में E(Yₜ)=μ, var constant और Cov(Yₜ, Yₜ₋ₖ)=γ(k) केवल lag पर निर्भर है। Strictstationarity सभी joint distributions को time shifts पर in variant कहती है; finite moments भी अलग requirement हैं।

June2024 re-exam · 28August2024
जून2024 पुनर्परीक्षा · 28अगस्त2024

Descriptive statistics
वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी

Question 7 / प्रश्न 7

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The lowest value of a set observations is 4.5 and their range is 10.9 Arithmetic mean is found to be 19.9 and median found to be 15.6. Which of the following statements is correct?
Minimum 4.5 और range 10.9 है। Reported mean 19.9 और median 15.6 में कौन सही है?

(a) Arithmetic mean is wrong, but the median is correct.
(a) Mean गलत, median सही।
(b) Arithmetic mean is right, but the median is wrong
(b) Mean सही, median गलत।
(c) Both arithmetic mean and median are wrong
(c) दोनों गलत।
(d) Both arithmetic mean and median are right
(d) दोनों सही।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Both arithmetic mean and median are wrong
उत्तर: (c) दोनों गलत।

Explanation: The maximum is4.5+10.9=15.4; both reported central values exceed it.

व्याख्या: Range = maximum − minimum; इसलिए maximum = 4.5+10.9 = 15.4। Mean और median दोनों observations की range के अंदर होने चाहिए। 19.9 और 15.6 दोनों 15.4 से अधिक हैं।

Regression and econometrics
प्रतिगमन और अर्थमिति

Question 12 / प्रश्न 12

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Match List I with List II.
Econometric tests को उनके general uses से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A General heteroskedasticity test
सामान्य विषमविचरण परीक्षण
I Ramsey RESET
रैम्जी RESET
B General autocorrelation test
सामान्य स्वसहसंबंध परीक्षण
II Hausman
हाउसमैन
C Simultaneity test
युगपतता परीक्षण
III White
व्हाइट
D Specification error test
विनिर्देशन त्रुटि परीक्षण
IV Breusch–Godfrey
ब्रूश गॉडफ्री
(a) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(a) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(b) (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
(b) (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
(c) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(c) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(d) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
(d) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
उत्तर: (c) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Explanation: The tests diagnose heteroscedasticity, serial correlation, endogeneity, and specification respectively.

व्याख्या: White—heteroskedasticity; Breusch–Godfrey—serial correlation; Hausman-type comparison—endogeneity/simultaneity; Ramsey RESET—functional specification। RESET rejection अपने आप exact omitted variable नहीं पहचानता।

Question 23 / प्रश्न 23

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Heteroscadesticity may arise due to various reasons. Which one of the following is not a reason?
Heteroskedasticity का usual कारण कौन नहीं है?

(a) Extremely low or high values of X and Y co- ordinates in the data set
(a) Extreme X/Y values।
(b) Correlation of variables over time
(b) Time के साथ errors की correlation।
(c) Incorrect specification of the functional form of the model
(c) Wrong functional form।
(d) Incorrect transformation of variables
(d) Wrong variable transformation।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Correlation of variables over time
उत्तर: (b) Time के साथ errors की correlation।

Explanation: Changing conditional variance is heteroscedasticity, not serial correlation.

व्याख्या: Heteroskedasticity conditional error variance का बदलना है; serial correlation अलग observations के errors का covariance है। Printed “variables over time” imprecise है, लेकिन intended contrast autocorrelation है। दोनों problems साथ भी हो सकती हैं।

Question 24 / प्रश्न 24

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Match List I with List II.
Econometric concepts को model families से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Endogenous variable
अंतर्जात variable
I Autocorrelation diagnostics
स्वसहसंबंध जाँच
B Count R²
सही classifications का अनुपात
II Simultaneous equations
युगपत समीकरण
C Ljung–Box statistic
ल्युंग बॉक्स statistic
III Panel regression
पैनल प्रतिगमन
D Least squares dummy variables / dummy-variable fixed effects IV Logit regression
लॉजिट प्रतिगमन
(a) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(a) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(b) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(b) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(c) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
(c) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
(d) (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
(d) (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
उत्तर: (d) (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)

Explanation: The matches distinguish simultaneity, classification fit, autocorrelation, and panel fixed effects.

व्याख्या: Endogeneity simultaneous systems में, count R² discrete-choice classification में, Ljung–Box joint autocorrelation testing में और LSDV panel fixed effects में उपयोग होता है। Ljung–Box multiple lags को jointly test करता है।

Question 26 / प्रश्न 26

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ANCOVA models include regressors that are:
ANCOVA model के regressors किस type के होते हैं?

(a) Only quantitative variables
(a) केवल quantitative।
(b) Only qualitative variables
(b) केवल qualitative।
(c) Only categorical variables
(c) केवल categorical।
(d) Both qualitative and quantitative variables
(d) Qualitative और quantitative दोनों।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Both qualitative and quantitative variables
उत्तर: (d) Qualitative और quantitative दोनों।

Explanation: ANCOVA includes both continuous covariates and group indicators.

व्याख्या: ANCOVA continuous covariates और group indicators/dummies दोनों शामिल करता है। Example: marks को study hours और teaching-method dummy पर regress करना। केवल group dummies वाला basic comparison ANOVA है।

Question 40 / प्रश्न 40

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You have carried out a regression analysis but after thinking about the relationship between the two variables, you have decided that you must swap the explanatory and response variables. After regression model to the data, you expect that:
Simple OLS regression में explanatory और response variables swap करने पर क्या बदल सकता है?

(a) The value of correlation will change
(a) Correlation बदलेगी।
(b) The sign of slope will change
(b) Slope का sign बदलेगा।
(c) The value of coefficient of determination will change
(c) R² बदलेगा।
(d) The value of SSE (sum of squared errors) will change
(d) Residual sum of squares बदलेगी।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) The value of SSE (sum of squared errors) will change
उत्तर: (d) Residual sum of squares बदलेगी।

Explanation: Swapping simple-regression directions preservesr, R², and the slope sign, but residual sums depend on response units.

व्याख्या: Intercept सहित same-data simple regressions में r symmetric और R²=r² है; slopes का sign same रहता है। SSE response variable की units/variance पर निर्भर है, इसलिए बदल सकती है। Equal variances हों तो numerical SSE equal भी हो सकती है; “must always change” कहना stronger claim होगा।

Question 82 / प्रश्न 82

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Estimation of regression coefficients in the presence of high but not perfect multicollinearity may result in all of these except:
High but imperfect multicollinearity की usual implication कौन नहीं है?

(a) High confidence interval of the estimates
(a) Wide confidence intervals।
(b) Almost all the estimates are statiscally significant
(b) लगभग सभी coefficients statistically significant।
(c) A high R2
(c) High R² संभव।
(d) Estimates are all BLUE
(d) Other Gauss–Markov assumptions में BLUE।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Almost all the estimates are statiscally significant
उत्तर: (b) लगभग सभी coefficients statistically significant।

Explanation: Imperfect collinearity inflates uncertainty and often weakens individual significance; BLUE can survive under the other assumptions.

व्याख्या: High collinearity coefficient variances/SE बढ़ा सकती है, इसलिए individual t tests अक्सर कमजोर होते हैं जबकि R² high हो सकता है। Perfect collinearity के बिना OLS identified और बाकी assumptions में BLUE रहता है। Significance असंभव नहीं; (b) usual consequence नहीं है।

Probability and distributions
प्रायिकता और वितरण

Question 59 / प्रश्न 59

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Given P(Ā)=0.4 and P(A ∩ B)=0.2, find P(A ∩ B̄).
P(Ā)=0.4 और P(A∩B)=0.2 है। P(A∩B̄) निकालें।

(a) 0.4
(a) 0.4
(b) 0.2
(b) 0.2
(c) 0.6
(c) 0.6
(d) 0.8
(d) 0.8
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) 0.4
उत्तर: (a) 0.4

Explanation: P(A)=.6; subtracting P(A∩B)=.2 gives P(A∩B̄)=.4.

व्याख्या: Complement rule से P(A)=1−.4=.6। A को A∩B और A∩B̄ में partition करें: P(A∩B̄)=.6−.2=.4। PDF text extraction में over bars खो जाते हैं; यहाँ visually checked complements बहाल हैं।

Statistical inference
सांख्यिकीय अनुमान

Question 69 / प्रश्न 69

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For H₀: μ=μ₀ with unknown population standard deviation, select the usual one-sample t statistic.
Normal population mean के H₀:μ=μ₀ में σ unknown हो तो कौन सा test statistic है?

(a) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n)
(a) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n)
(b) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√(n−1))
(b) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√(n−1))
(c) t(n)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n)
(c) t(n)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n)
(d) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/n)
(d) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/n)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n)
उत्तर: (a) t(n−1)=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n)

Explanation: The statistic is(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n), withn−1degrees of freedom.

व्याख्या: Formula: one-sample Student t, unknown population SD और normal i.i.d. sample में। t=(x̄−μ₀)/(s/√n), df=n−1। Example n=25, x̄−μ₀=2, s=5 पर t=2। Normality हटने पर small-sample exact t distribution guaranteed नहीं।

Time series
काल श्रेणी

Question 78 / प्रश्न 78

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Testing for cointegration is performed by:
Cointegration testing की listed procedure कौन है?

(a) Chi test
(a) Chi test।
(b) Phillips-Peron test
(b) Phillips–Perron unit-root test।
(c) Engel-Granger test
(c) Engle–Granger procedure।
(d) Error-correction mechanism
(d) Error correction mechanism।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Engel-Granger test
उत्तर: (c) Engle–Granger procedure।

Explanation: Engle–Granger tests stationarity of estimated long-run regression residuals using appropriate critical values.

व्याख्या: Engle–Granger estimated long-run regression के residuals की stationarity test करता है, appropriate cointegration critical values के साथ। Error-correction model cointegration के dynamics represent करता है; ordinary unit-root critical values सीधे residual test में नहीं लगाने चाहिए।

December2024 · held3January2025
दिसंबर2024 · परीक्षा3जनवरी2025

Regression and econometrics
प्रतिगमन और अर्थमिति

Question 10 / प्रश्न 10

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If a variable has 'm' categories, we can run the regression using:
m mutually exclusive categories के लिए intercept सहित कितने dummies लेने चाहिए ?

(a) 'm-1' dummy variables and an intercept term
(a) m−1 dummies और intercept।
(b) 'm' dummy variables and an intercept term
(b) m dummies और intercept।
(c) '(m–1)' dummy variables without an intercept
(c) m−1 dummies बिना intercept।
(d) '(m + 1)' dummy variables without an intercept
(d) m+1 dummies बिना intercept।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) 'm-1' dummy variables and an intercept term
उत्तर: (a) m−1 dummies और intercept।

Explanation: With an intercept, m−1dummies avoid perfect collinearity amongmcategory indicators.

व्याख्या: Full m dummies का sum intercept column1 के बराबर है, जिससे perfect multicollinearity/dummy trap बनती है। m−1 plus intercept लें, या alternate full m बिना intercept। Example3 groups में 2 dummies और baseline intercept।

Question 21 / प्रश्न 21

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Consider the following system of equations: Y = α +α Y +α Y +α X +α X + U 1 0 1 2 3 3 4 1 5 2 1 Y = β +β Y +β Y +β X + U 2 0 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 Y = λ + λ x + λ x + λ x + U 3 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 According to the order condition, the first equation is:
3 endogenous और 3 exogenous variables वाले दिए system की first equation में Y₂, Y₃ और X₁, X₂ शामिल हैं। Order condition क्या कहती है?

(a) Under-identified
(a) Underidentified।
(b) Exactly-identified
(b) Exactly identified।
(c) Over-identified
(c) Overidentified।
(d) Not possible to say, as the reduced form of the model is not given
(d) Reduced form बिना कुछ नहीं कह सकते।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) Under-identified
उत्तर: (a) Underidentified।

Explanation: One excluded exogenous variable cannot identify two endogenous right-hand-side regressors.

व्याख्या: First equation में 2 endogenous RHS variables हैं और केवल 1 exogenous X₃ excluded है। Necessary order condition K−k ≥ g−1 में 1<2, इसलिए underidentified। Rank condition order condition की deficiency को ठीक नहीं कर सकती।

Question 46 / प्रश्न 46

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Generalised least square method of estimation can be used in which of the following cases: (A) Auto correlated disturbances (B) Multicollinearity among explanatory variables (C) Heteroscedastic disturbances (D) Overfitted models (E) Incorrect functional forms
GLS किन error problems में useful है: A autocorrelation; B multicollinearity; C heteroskedasticity; D over fitting; E wrong functional form?

(a) A, C & D Only
(a) A, C & D केवल
(b) C, B & E Only
(b) C, B & E केवल
(c) A & C Only
(c) A & C केवल
(d) C, D & E Only
(d) C, D & E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) A & C Only
उत्तर: (c) A & C केवल

Explanation: GLSweights by nonspherical error covariance; it addresses autocorrelation/heteroscedasticity rather than collinearity itself.

व्याख्या: Known/consistently estimated nonspherical covariance Ω के लिए GLS covariance-weighted estimation करता है: β̂=(X′Ω⁻¹X)⁻¹X′Ω⁻¹y। A, C relevant हैं। GLS missing functional relationship या identification failure अपने आप ठीक नहीं करता।

Question 49 / प्रश्न 49

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Match List I with List II.
Tests को uses से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Unit root / unit root I Durbin–Watson
डर्बिन वॉटसन
B Contingency table / contingency table II Student t
स्टूडेंट t
C Regression coefficient / regression coefficient III Stationarity assessment
stationarity जाँच
D Autocorrelation / autocorrelation IV Chi-square
काई वर्ग
(a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(b) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(b) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(c) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(c) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(d) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(d) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
उत्तर: (b) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

Explanation: The matches concern unit roots, attribute independence, individual coefficients, and first-order autocorrelation.

व्याख्या: Unit root stationarity, contingency chi-square independence, coefficient t inference और DW first-order serial correlation से जुड़े हैं। DW validity lagged-dependent-variable और regressor assumptions पर निर्भर है।

Question 61 / प्रश्न 61

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Match List I with List II.
Econometric tests match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Durbin–Watson
डर्बिन वॉटसन
I Multicollinearity
बहुसहसंबद्धता
B Granger
ग्रेंजर
II Heteroskedasticity
विषमविचरण
C Farrar–Glauber
फरार ग्लॉबर
III Predictive causality / predictive causality
D Glejser
ग्लेजर
IV Autocorrelation
स्वसहसंबंध
(a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(b) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(b) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(c) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(c) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(d) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(d) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
उत्तर: (a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Explanation: DW, Granger, Farrar–Glauber, and Glejser diagnose different dependence, specification, and variance issues.

व्याख्या: DW autocorrelation; Granger lagged predictive content; Farrar–Glauber collinearity diagnostics; Glejser absolute residuals से variance relation। Granger causality structural/experimental causation का proof नहीं।

Question 67 / प्रश्न 67

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In a two-variable regression, the dependent and independent variables are Y and X respectively. The coefficient of correlation between X and Y is 0.8. Which of the following statements is true?
Simple intercept regression में r=.8 हो तो X कितनी Y variation explain करता है?

(a) 8% of the variance of Y is explained by X
(a) 8%
(b) 64% of the variance of Y is explained by X
(b) 64%
(c) 0.8% of the variance of Y is explained by X
(c) .8%
(d) 80% of the variance of Y is explained by X
(d) 80%
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) 64% of the variance of Y is explained by X
उत्तर: (b) 64%

Explanation: R²=r²=.8²=.64, or64%of sample variation.

व्याख्या: R²=r²=.64, यानी 64% sample variation accounted for। Remaining36% fitted regression के residual variation का हिस्सा है; explanatory association causal effect नहीं साबित करती।

Probability and distributions
प्रायिकता और वितरण

Question 20 / प्रश्न 20

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Arrange the following events in increasing order based on their probability of occurrence: (A) Probability of getting two heads in a simultaneous toss of two coins. (B) Probability of getting a Queen (Begum) card from a single draw of a well-shuffled deck of cards. (C) Probability of getting one white ball from a bag containing 3 white and 7 black balls. (D) Probability of getting an even number from a single roll of a die (dice).
Probabilities को increasing रखें: A2 coins में 2 heads; B deck से queen; C3white7black bag से white; D die पर even।

(a) A, D, B, C
(a) A, D, B, C
(b) C, A, B, D
(b) C, A, B, D
(c) B, C, A, D
(c) B, C, A, D
(d) B, A, C, D
(d) B, A, C, D
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) B, A, C, D
उत्तर: (d) B, A, C, D

Explanation: The probabilities are1/13,1/4,.3,.5, in ascending order B, A, C, D.

व्याख्या: B=4/52=1/13≈.0769; A=1/4=.25; C=3/10=.30; D=3/6=.50। इसलिए B A C D। Ordered coin outcomes fair और draws uniformly random मानें।

Question 64 / प्रश्न 64

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Six independent fair dice are rolled. Find the probability that all six faces appear once.
6 fair dice पर सभी six faces exactly once आने की probability क्या है?

(a) 1/6
(a) 1/6
(b) 6/6⁶
(b) 6/6⁶
(c) 6!/6⁶
(c) 6!/6⁶
(d) 6⁵/6⁶
(d) 6⁵/6⁶
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) 6!/6⁶
उत्तर: (c) 6!/6⁶

Explanation: There are6!favourable ordered outcomes out of6⁶, so probability5/324.

व्याख्या: Equally likely ordered outcomes6⁶ और all-distinct arrangements6! हैं। Probability6!/6⁶=5/324≈.015432। Dice को distinguishable independent fair trials मानें; unordered face patterns equally likely नहीं।

Time series
काल श्रेणी

Question 27 / प्रश्न 27

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The unit root test for a time series is based on the null hypothesis that the time series under consideration is:
Usual Dickey–Fuller/ADF unit-root test की null क्या है?

(a) Stationary
(a) Stationarity।
(b) Non-stationary
(b) Unit root/nonstationarity।
(c) Deterministically Stationary
(c) Deterministic stationarity।
(d) Weakly Stationary
(d) Weak stationarity।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Non-stationary
उत्तर: (b) Unit root/nonstationarity।

Explanation: ADFhas a unit-root null, whereas KPSS uses a stationarity null.

व्याख्या: ADF null unit root है; alternative specified deterministic terms के आसपास stationarity। KPSS की null stationarity है, इसलिए सभी stationarity tests की null समान नहीं। Deterministic trend और lag specification critical हैं।

Descriptive statistics
वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी

Question 37 / प्रश्न 37

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Match List I with List II.
Statistical concepts match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Type II error
द्वितीय प्रकार की त्रुटि
I P01×P10=1 / time reversal
B Mean exceeds mode / mean>mode II False H₀ not rejected
गलत H₀ reject नहीं
C Homogeneous population
समरूप population
III Positive skewness
धनात्मक विषमता
D Time reversal test
काल उत्क्रमण परीक्षण
IV Simple random sampling
सरल random sample
(a) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(a) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(b) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(b) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(c) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(c) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(d) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(d) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
उत्तर: (a) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I

Explanation: Type IImeans retaining a false null; the other matches use textbook skewness, sampling, and time reversal.

व्याख्या: Type II false null accept/not reject; mean>mode positive-skew unimodal textbook rule; homogeneous population में SRS suitable; time reversal P01P10=1। Mean-mode inequality arbitrary multimodal distributions में complete skewness test नहीं।

Question 40 / प्रश्न 40

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Match List I with List II.
Sampling methods match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Simple random
सरल random
I Nonprobability sampling
गैर probability
B Systematic
व्यवस्थित
II Random draw within each stratum
हर stratum से random sample
C Quota
कोटा
III Random start then regular interval
random start और fixed interval
D Stratified random
स्तरीकृत random
IV Equal-probability sampling
समान probability
(a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
(b) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(b) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(c) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(c) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
उत्तर: (a) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Explanation: Quota sampling is nonprobability sampling; random starts and subset definitions matter for the alternatives.

व्याख्या: Quota nonprobability है जब within-quota selection nonrandom हो। Systematic में random start जरूरी; stratified में हर relevant stratum से sample। SRS की exact definition every size-n subset equally likely है, केवल marginal equal inclusion पर्याप्त नहीं।