UP TGT ENGLISH · GRAMMAR TOPIC 5
Verb action, state या being बताता है। She writes. She knows. She is happy. हर verb physical action नहीं बताता. सही form चुनने के लिए subject, helper और verb pattern देखें.
1. Main Verb और Helping Verb
She has written a letter. → has helper; written main verb का participle. She has a bicycle. → has खुद possession बताने वाला main verb.
Primary helpers: be, have, do. Core modals: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would. He is happy में is main linking verb है; He is working में auxiliary.
2. पाँच Forms पहचानें
| Form | Example | Where used |
|---|---|---|
| V1 base | write | can write; did not write |
| V2 past | wrote | She wrote yesterday. |
| V3 past participle | written | has written; was written |
| ing participle | writing | is writing |
| s form | writes | She writes daily. |
Spelling: stop → stopped; study → studied; play → played; make → making; run → running; lie → lying. Regular V2/V3 often same; irregular forms अलग हो सकती हैं.
3. Helper देखकर Form चुनें
| Frame | Example | Common error |
|---|---|---|
| core modal + V1 | She can go. | can goes ❌ |
| do/does/did + V1 | Did he go? | did went ❌ |
| perfect have + V3 | She has gone. | has went ❌ |
| progressive be + ing | She is going. | is go ❌ |
| passive be + V3 | The letter was written. | was wrote ❌ |
Memory chain: can GO → did GO → has GONE → is GOING. Ought to/used to जैसे expressions के अपने patterns हैं; core modal shortcut को हर word पर लागू न करें.
4. Transitive, Intransitive और Linking
- Transitive use: She opened the door. Direct object है.
- Intransitive use: The baby slept. Direct object नहीं.
- Linking: The soup tastes salty. Subject की description जुड़ती है.
Same verb का use बदल सकता है: She tasted the soup → action + object. She gave Rina a medal → Rina indirect object; medal direct object.
5. Finite और Non Finite
She wants to learn. Wants tense/agreement दिखाता है: finite. To learn non-finite infinitive है. Has written में written participle; is writing में writing participle. Traditional grammar में Reading improves vocabulary का Reading gerund है.
6. Verb के साथ Pattern भी याद करें
| Pattern | Useful verbs | Example |
|---|---|---|
| verb + ing | enjoy, avoid, finish, mind, deny, consider, practise | She enjoys reading. |
| verb + to V1 | decide, hope, agree, promise, refuse, manage | He decided to leave. |
| verb + object + to V1 | ask, tell, advise, encourage | She told me to wait. |
| make/let + object + V1 | active causative | They made him wait. |
Special: He was made to wait. Passive में to लौटता है. Had better go; would rather stay. Help me do और help me to do दोनों standard हैं.
7. हर To के बाद V1 नहीं आता
To infinitive marker भी है और preposition भी. I want to meet you. लेकिन I look forward to meeting you. Be used to getting up early = accustomed; used to get up early = past habit.
Preposition के बाद verb हो तो normally ing: interested in learning; left without saying; objected to paying; succeeded in opening.
8. Meaning बदलने वाले Patterns
| Pattern | Meaning |
|---|---|
| stop smoking | Smoking की activity बंद करना |
| stop to smoke | दूसरा काम रोककर smoking करना |
| remember locking | पहले lock करने की memory |
| remember to lock | Lock करने का काम करना न भूलें |
| try restarting | एक possible solution experiment करें |
| try to lift | Lift करने की कोशिश; success guaranteed नहीं |
9. State और Action का Difference
Ordinary states normally simple: I know the answer. She owns a house. ❌ I am knowing, in the ordinary knowledge sense.
Meaning बदलने पर progressive possible: I think it is useful = opinion; I am thinking about a solution = mental activity. He has a car = possession; he is having lunch = event. “Stative verb कभी progressive नहीं होता” एक false absolute rule है.
10. Agreement: Head Subject देखें
She walks / They walk. Each of the students has a pen; One of the boys is absent; The list of names is ready. Nearest plural noun देखकर verb न बदलें.
A number of students are absent; The number is increasing. News is; police are; furniture is. A pair of shoes is; the shoes are. These patterns detailed agreement practice की foundation हैं.
Extra Exam Traps: Confusing Verb Families
Lie, rest: lie–lay–lain. He lay down yesterday. Lay, place: lay–laid–laid. He laid the book down. Lie, untruth: lie–lied–lied.
Rise–rose–risen: Prices have risen. Raise–raised–raised: They raised prices. Raise takes an object here. Sit–sat–sat vs set–set–set.
Remember: discuss the problem; reach the station; explain the rule to me. Enter the room is the ordinary direct-object pattern; enter into an agreement is a different valid expression.
Phrasal verbs: put off = postpone; give up = stop trying. Whole expression का meaning learn करें.
One Minute Revision
can + V1 · did + V1 · perfect have + V3 · progressive be + ing · passive be + V3 · enjoy reading · decide to read · let me read · look forward to reading.