UGC NET Economics 2023 Unit 9: Environmental Economics and Demography PYQs (English–Hindi)

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UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2023 · UNIT 9

Environmental Economics and Demography PYQs
पर्यावरण अर्थशास्त्र और जनांकिकी के प्रश्न

June2023 · 20June2023 · ShiftI
जून2023 · 20जून2023 · पालीI

Environmental economics
पर्यावरण अर्थशास्त्र

Question 19 / प्रश्न 19

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Which of the following constitutes India's strategy to combat climate change in the backdrop of its stand at the 26th session of the conference of the Parties (COP 26) to the UNECCC held in Glasgow. U.K. A. phasing out of coal-based thermal power generation by 2030. B. reduction of the carbon intensity of Indian economy by 45 percent by 2030, over 2005 levels. C. capping Indian economy total final energy consumption in absolute levels. D. achieving the target of net zero emissions for India by 2070. E. promoting lifestyle for environment to combat climate change.
India COP26: A coal 2030 तक phase out; B intensity45%cut 2005 से 2030; C absolute final energy cap; D net zero 2070; E Li FE।

(a) A, B, D only
(a) A, B, D केवल
(b) B, C, D only
(b) B, C, D केवल
(c) B, D, E only
(c) B, D, E केवल
(d) C, D, E only
(d) C, D, E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) B, D, E only
उत्तर: (c) B, D, E केवल

Explanation: The commitments include45%emissions-intensity reduction, net zero 2070, and Li FE, not complete coal phase out by 2030.

व्याख्या: B, D, E India commitments/approach से मेल खाते हैं। Coal का complete 2030 phase out और absolute total-final-energy cap घोषित targets नहीं थे। Intensity target GDP-linked ratio है, absolute emissions cap नहीं।

Question 36 / प्रश्न 36

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Defensive expenditure method is based on the understanding that A. the consumer spends money to ameliorate the damaging effects of the bad. B. the defensive expenditure undertaken reflects the consumer's willingness to pay to reduce the level of the bad. C. the observed defensive expenditure is an upper bound on the willingness to pay to avoid the bad. D. the defensive expenditure provide no additional services other than provisioning the desired environmental quality. E. the observed defensive expenditure is a lower bound on the willingness to pay to avoid the bad.
Defensive expenditure: A damage सेबचावपरखर्च; B WTP का signal; C upper bound; D no joint benefits assumption; E lower bound।

(a) A, B and C only
(a) A, B और C केवल
(b) C, D and E only
(b) C, D और E केवल
(c) A, B, C and D only
(c) A, B, C और D केवल
(d) A, B, D and E only
(d) A, B, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) A, B, D and E only
उत्तर: (d) A, B, D और E केवल

Explanation: Defensive spending is generally a lower bound on total willingness to avoid damage, subject to joint-benefit assumptions.

व्याख्या: Avoidance खर्च total avoided-damage WTP को generally lower bound करता है, क्योंकि residual damage और prevention cost दोनों हैं। Joint products हों तो पूरा खर्च environment को assign नहीं कर सकते। इसलिए A B D E under stated valuation assumptions।

Question 39 / प्रश्न 39

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Which of the following applies to the physical linkage approach for the valuation of environmental benefits
Physical linkage approach किसका उपयोग करता है?

(a) methods that assess responses immediately related to environmental changes.
(a) Immediate statedresponses।
(b) methods that examine responses not about the environmental good itself but some set of market conditions related to it.
(b) Relatedmarketconditionsonly।
(c) methods that estimate benefits using observations of behavior in actual markets.
(c) Actualmarketbehaviouronly।
(d) methods that estimate benefits based on a technical relationship between an environmental resource and the user of that resource.
(d) Environment और users के बीच technical dose-response relation।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) methods that estimate benefits based on a technical relationship between an environmental resource and the user of that resource.
उत्तर: (d) Environment और users के बीच technical dose-response relation।

Explanation: Physical linkage uses technical environmental dose-response or production relationships.

व्याख्या: Physical/biological linkage environmental quality से crop yield, health या production effects जोड़ती है, फिर monetary values लगाती है। Hedonic/travel-cost behaviour approaches से अलग है।

Question 42 / प्रश्न 42

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Which of the following defines ambient standards in an environmental policy
Ambient standard क्या निर्धारित करता है?

(a) a standard that specifies a pollution limit to be achieved but does not stipulate the technology.
(a) केवल polluteremissionlimit।
(b) a standard that designates the equipment or method to be used to achieve some abatement level.
(b) Requiredtechnology।
(c) a standard that designates the quality level of some element of the environment to be achieved.
(c) Receivingenvironment की qualitylevel।
(d) none of the above.
(d) कोई नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) a standard that designates the quality level of some element of the environment to be achieved.
उत्तर: (c) Receivingenvironment की qualitylevel।

Explanation: Ambient standards specify the quality of the receiving environment, not a particular technology.

व्याख्या: Ambient standards river water/air जैसे receiving medium की permissible quality specify करते हैं। Emission standard individual source discharge और technology standard equipment specify करते हैं।

Question 69 / प्रश्न 69

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Match List I with List II.
Policy terms match करें।

ListI
सूचीI		 ListII
सूचीII
A Cost effectiveness
लागतप्रभाविता		 I Directpollutionstandards
प्रत्यक्षमानक
B Permittrading
परमिटव्यापार		 II Incentiveapproach
प्रोत्साहनपद्धति
C Marketapproach
बाजारपद्धति		 III Leastresourcesforgivenobjective
न्यूनतमसंसाधन
D Commandandcontrol
आदेश-नियंत्रण		 IV Marketforpollutionrights
प्रदूषणअधिकारोंकाबाजार
(a) I II III IV
(a) I II III IV
(b) III IV I II
(b) III IV I II
(c) IV III II I
(c) IV III II I
(d) III IV II I
(d) III IV II I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) III IV II I
उत्तर: (d) III IV II I

Explanation: Cost-effectiveness minimises resources for a target; permits create rights markets; standards regulate directly.

व्याख्या: Cost effectiveness fixed target को least cost पर attain करती है; cap and trade creates rights market; market instruments incentives change करते हैं; command control direct standards लगाता है।

Question 78 / प्रश्न 78

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Suppose that a scarce resource, facing a constant demand, will be exhausted in 10 years. If an alternative resource will be available at a pricepnaof $40 and if the interest rate is 10%, what must be the price of the scarce resource today-
Resource10years में exhaust, back stop price40, r10% में आज price?

(a) $55.50
(a) $55.50
(b) $35.60
(b) $35.60
(c) $24.40
(c) $24.40
(d) $15.42
(d) $15.42
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) $15.42
उत्तर: (d) $15.42

Explanation: Discounting the back stop price gives40/(1.1)¹⁰≈15.42, assuming zero extraction cost.

व्याख्या: zero extraction cost/net rent=price और annual compounding मानें: P₀=40/(1.10)¹⁰≈15.42। Hotelling rent interest rate पर बढ़ती है। Positive extractioncost हो तो gross price कीजगह net rent discount करनी होगी।

Question 89 / प्रश्न 89

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Why subsidies are not an effective policy instruments in the long-run for internalizing externalities under competitive output markets?
Competitive industry में pollution abatement subsidy की long-run problem?

(a) a subsidy that is equal to marginal damages translates to a de facto decrease in firm's fixed costs.
(a) Transfer से effectivefixedcost घटसकती।
(b) subsidy payments are available to all firms and can induce excessive market entry.
(b) Excess entry हो सकती।
(c) the level of industrial production in the sector would exceed the socially desired level.
(c) Industryoutputsocialoptimum सेऊपर हो सकता।
(d) All of the above.
(d) सभी।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: d under the usual baseline-linked abatement subsidy
उत्तर: usual model में

Explanation: Baseline-linked subsidies can encourage excessive entry even when each firm’s abatement incentive is appropriate.

व्याख्या: Per firm abatement incentive सही होने पर भी baseline-linked payment entry को profitable बना सकती है। More firms/output total pollution को socially desired level सेऊपर लेजा सकते हैं। Subsidy type और eligible baseline important हैं; हर environmental subsidy inevitably ineffective नहीं।

Demography
जनांकिकी

Question 31 / प्रश्न 31

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Match List I with List II.
India population-growth phases match करें।

ListI
सूचीI		 ListII
सूचीII
A Rapid high growth
तीव्र उच्च वृद्धि		 I 1981–2011
B Stagnant population
स्थिर जनसंख्या		 II 1921–1951
C High growth slowing down
उच्च वृद्धि में मंदी		 III 1951–1981
D Steady growth
स्थिर दर से वृद्धि		 IV 1891–1921
(a) IV II III I
(a) IV II III I
(b) III IV I II
(b) III IV I II
(c) III IV II I
(c) III IV II I
(d) IV III II I
(d) IV III II I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) III IV I II
उत्तर: (b) III IV I II

Explanation: Rapid growth maps to 1951–81, stagnation 1891–1921, slowdown 1981–2011, and steady growth 1921–51.

व्याख्या: AIII BIV CI DII: early high mortality stagnation,1921after steady increase, post 1951rapid growth, post 1981growthrate moderation। Absolute population और growth rate अलग हैं।

Question 32 / प्रश्न 32

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According to the Census, 2011 arrange the states in the descending order on the literacy rate (aged group 7 year and above): A. Nagaland B. Tripura C. Sikkim D. Manipur E. Meghalaya
Census 2011 literacy descending: A Nagaland; B Tripura; C Sikkim; D Manipur; E Meghalaya।

(a) D, C, B, E, A
(a) D, C, B, E, A
(b) C, B, D, A, E
(b) C, B, D, A, E
(c) B, C, A, D, E
(c) B, C, A, D, E
(d) A, C, B, E, D
(d) A, C, B, E, D
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) B, C, A, D, E
उत्तर: (c) B, C, A, D, E

Explanation: The literacy ranking is Tripura, Sikkim, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya.

व्याख्या: Tripura≈87.22, Sikkim81.42, Nagaland79.55, Manipur76.94, Meghalaya74.43%: B C A D E। Literacy reference age7+ है।

Passage based questions
अनुच्छेद आधारित प्रश्न

Question 96 / प्रश्न 96

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Which of the following reflects the shortcomings of ANS?
ANS की shortcomings?

(a) It allows substitution between different forms of capital.
(a) Capitalforms के बीच substitution।
(b) It is not a comprehensive indicator of per capita wealth.
(b) Per-capitawealth का comprehensiveindicator नहीं।
(c) It is influenced by the level of GDP of an economy.
(c) GDPlevel/scale सेप्रभावित।
(d) All of the above
(d) सभी।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) All of the above
उत्तर: (d) सभी।

Explanation: Substitutability, aggregate accounting, and coverage gaps limit ANS as a sustainability indicator.

व्याख्या: Aggregate flow, valuation gaps और substitutability assumptions sustainability के strong ecological conditions छिपा सकते हैं। इसलिए all three limitations relevant हैं।

Question 97 / प्रश्न 97

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The concept of ANS should at best be used to
ANS का best cautious use?

(a) guide ecologically optimal sustainable scale
(a) Ecologicallyoptimalscale सीधेतय करना।
(b) serve as an indicator of unsustainability
(b) Unsustainability कासंकेत।
(c) replace GDP as a measure of economic progress
(c) GDP को पूरी तरह replace करना।
(d) None of the above
(d) कोई नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) serve as an indicator of unsustainability
उत्तर: (b) Unsustainability कासंकेत।

Explanation: Negative ANS can warn of unsustainability; positive ANS does not prove ecological sustainability.

व्याख्या: Negative ANS wealth run down का warning है। Positive ANS resource criticality/biodiversity या distributional/percapita conditions पूरी होने की guarantee नहीं।

Question 98 / प्रश्न 98

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Which of the following is not the constituent of ANS?
Standard ANS का explicit component कौन नहीं ?

(a) Public expenditures on education
(a) Educationexpenditure।
(b) Air pollution damage
(b) Airpollutiondamage।
(c) Depletion of metals and minerals
(c) Mineral/metal depletion।
(d) Loss of biodiversity
(d) Biodiversityloss।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Loss of biodiversity
उत्तर: (d) Biodiversityloss।

Explanation: Comprehensive biodiversity loss is not an explicit standard ANS deduction.

व्याख्या: Standard aggregate में biodiversity का comprehensive direct deduction absent है; यही coverage limitation है। Education added और other listed depletion/damage subtracted हैं।

Question 99 / प्रश्न 99

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Which of the following explains the decline in ANS in countries with increasing GDP per capita?
GDPpercapita बढ़ते हुए ANS क्योंघटसकताहै?

(a) Increasing proportion of private investment in an economy
(a) Privateinvestmentshare बढ़ना।
(b) Depleted assets not offset by sufficient investment in human and physical capital
(b) Depletion को physical/humancapitalinvestmentoffset नकरे।
(c) Increasing gross saving rates
(c) Grosssavingrate बढ़ना।
(d) Increasing production of renewable natural capital
(d) Renewablecapital बढ़ना।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Depleted assets not offset by sufficient investment in human and physical capital
उत्तर: (b) Depletion को physical/humancapitalinvestmentoffset नकरे।

Explanation: Resource depletion not offset by adequate investment can reduce ANS despite rising GDP.

व्याख्या: Gross production income बढ़ना capital maintenance सुनिश्चित नहीं करता। Depletion/depreciation rising faster than saving investment हो तो ANS गिरती है।

Question 100 / प्रश्न 100

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Adjusted Net Saving (ANS) is
ANS किसप्रकारका variable है?

(a) a proxy for change in per capita wealth
(a) Per-capitawealthchange काअचूक proxy।
(b) a stock variable
(b) Stock।
(c) a flow variable
(c) Flow।
(d) unable to capture policy-induced dynamics
(d) Policychangescapture नहीं कर सकता।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) a flow variable
उत्तर: (c) Flow।

Explanation: Saving is a period flow; wealth is an accumulated stock.

व्याख्या: Saving annual/period flow है; wealth accumulated stock है। ANS wealth change के selected components approximates करती है।