UGC NET Economics 2024 Unit 6: Public Economics PYQs (English–Hindi)

UGC NET ECONOMICS · 2024 · UNIT 6

Public Economics PYQs
लोक अर्थशास्त्र के प्रश्न

June2024 · Cancelled paper
जून2024 · रद्द प्रश्नपत्र

Public goods and externalities
सार्वजनिक वस्तुएँ और बाह्यताएँ

Question 10 / प्रश्न 10

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Which of the following is not a features of the Coase Theorem?
Coase theorem की strong allocative-invariance version की assumption कौन नहीं ?

(a) Everyone has perfect informatio
(a) Perfect information।
(b) Costless transaction
(b) Transaction costs zero।
(c) Products maximizes profit and consumers maximizes utility
(c) Producers profit और consumers utility maximise करें।
(d) There exists wealth/income effects
(d) Wealth/income effects मौजूद हों।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) There exists wealth/income effects
उत्तर: (d) Wealth/income effects मौजूद हों।

Explanation: Allocation independent of initial rights requires the stronger no-wealth-effects assumption.

व्याख्या: Costless bargaining property rights स्पष्ट होने पर efficient allocation तक पहुँच सकता है। Rights किसे मिले इससे same resource allocation मिलने की stronger result के लिए relevant wealth effects absent होना जरूरी है; distribution फिर भी बदलता है।

Question 90 / प्रश्न 90

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Which of the following properties is satisfied in case of ''fishing in an ocean''?
Unregulated open-ocean fish stock की properties?

(a) Non-excludable and non-rival
(a) Nonexcludable, nonrival।
(b) Non-excludable but rival
(b) Nonexcludable, rival।
(c) Non-rival but excludable
(c) Excludable, nonrival।
(d) Excludable and rival
(d) Excludable, rival।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Non-excludable but rival
उत्तर: (b) Nonexcludable, rival।

Explanation: Open-access fishing is rival but difficult to exclude users from.

व्याख्या: एक caught fish दूसरोंके लिए नहीं बचती: rivalry। Open access में exclude करना मुश्किल: nonexcludability। Managed exclusive fisheries में property rights बदलसकते हैं; benchmark common pool resource है।

Taxation and incidence
कराधान और कर भार

Question 45 / प्रश्न 45

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Which of the following is not true in case of factor taxes?
Factor taxes पर कौन statement universally सही नहीं माना जा सकता?

(a) A tax on capital income tends to be progressive, whereas a tax on wage income tends to be regressive.
(a) Capital-income tax tends progressive, wage tax regressive।
(b) Like product taxes, in case of factor taxes, the distribution of the burden between sellers and buyers depends on elasticities of demand and supply.
(b) Incidence demand/supply elasticities पर निर्भर।
(c) The factor taxes reduce the gross rate of return to the factor.
(c) Factor tax gross return घटाता है।
(d) A tax on executives or professional income may be shifted to consumer.
(d) Professional income tax consumer को shifted हो सकता है।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: c on standard gross/net terminology; no universal (d)
उत्तर: usual terminology में(c)

Explanation: A factor tax reduces net returns; gross buyer cost and tax shifting require an incidence model.

व्याख्या: Tax factor seller का NET return घटाता और buyer का gross factor cost बढ़ा सकता है; इसे gross return reduction कहना सही general rule नहीं। B incidence principle है। D में “may” है: elasticities/market power के कारण shifting possible है। A distributional generalisation है, theorem नहीं। Source(d) को बिना incidence assumptions के false नहीं कह सकते।

Question 58 / प्रश्न 58

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Which of the following are not true with reference to distortions of corporation tax? A. Encourage short-lived verses long-lived capitals goods. B. Encourage investment in assets that can be collaterized compared with those that can not. C. Encourage investment in Industries having lower debt equity ratios. D. May give rise to leasing and tax-induced merges
Corporate-tax distortion पर false claims: A short-lived capital को encourage; B collateral assets encourage; C low debt-equity industries encourage; D leasing/tax mergers।

(a) A only
(a) A केवल
(b) A and C only
(b) A और C केवल
(c) A, C and D only
(c) A, C और D केवल
(d) B and D only
(d) B और D केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: b intended; asset-life result depends on depreciation rules
उत्तर: usual tax treatment में

Explanation: Debt deductibility contradicts the low-debt preference claim; asset-life effects depend on depreciation rules.

व्याख्या: Interest deductibility debt finance को favour करती है, इसलिए C lower-debt preference गलत है; collateral eases debt financing B, leasing/mergers D possible हैं। A कोई universal result नहीं: depreciation allowances/inflation से short-vs-long-life distortion तय होगा। Intended exclusions A, C हैं।

Question 65 / प्रश्न 65

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Which of the following is not true in case of deadweight loss of taxes?
Tax DWL पर कौन गलत ?

(a) The deadweight loss of the tax extent to which the reduction in welfare exceeds the revenue raised.
(a) welfare loss revenue से अधिक वाला हिस्सा।
(b) Deadweight loss is proportional to the square of the tax rate.
(b) Usual local approximation में tax rate के square से proportional।
(c) Deadweight loss is the tax-induced distorting of commodity taxation.
(c) Tax distortion loss।
(d) Deadweight loss of commodity taxation is inversely related to the elasticity of demand.
(d) Demandelasticity के inverse से DWL।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Deadweight loss of commodity taxation is inversely related to the elasticity of demand.
उत्तर: (d) Demandelasticity के inverse से DWL।

Explanation: More elastic responses generally increase deadweight loss rather than reduce it.

व्याख्या: More elastic compensated responses larger distortion/DWL देती हैं। Small tax/linear approximation में triangle≈½×tax×quantity change और quantity change∝tax, इसलिए square rule। Fixed large taxes के लिए exact universal square law नहीं।

Question 72 / प्रश्न 72

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Which of the following arguments for a consumption based tax is/are correct? A. People should be taxed on what they out of the system, not on what they contribute B. A consumption based tax can be made progressive C. A consumption based tax increases dead weight loss D. Discriminates against consumption later in life E. Eliminates distortions arising from hybrid tax system, with some saving taxed differently from others
Consumption tax के पक्ष में: A withdrawal from system पर tax; B progressive बनसकता; C DWL बढ़ना; D later consumption penalty; E hybrid savings-tax distortion हटे।

(a) A, B and C only
(a) A, B और C केवल
(b) A, B and D only
(b) A, B और D केवल
(c) A, B and E only
(c) A, B और E केवल
(d) C, D and E only
(d) C, D और E केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) A, B and E only
उत्तर: (c) A, B और E केवल

Explanation: Progressivity and consistent saving treatment support expenditure taxation; C, D are not advantages.

व्याख्या: A normative expenditure-tax argument है; progressive personal-expenditure tax B possible है। Uniform treatment saving choices की unequal taxation E घटा सकता है। C/D advantages नहीं और later consumption पर systematic extra penalty जरूरी नहीं। Printed(d) गलत है।

Question 81 / प्रश्न 81

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Match List I with List II.
Public economics concepts और authors match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Rat race
रैटरेस
I Peacock and Wiseman
पीकॉक वाइज़मैन
B Displacement effect
विस्थापन प्रभाव
II C M Tiebout
टीबाउट
C Optimal taxation
इष्टतम कराधान
III George Akerlof
एकरलॉफ
D Local public goods
स्थानीय सार्वजनिक वस्तुएँ
IV Diamond and Mirrlees
डायमंड मिरलीज़
(a) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(a) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(b) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(b) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(c) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(c) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(d) A-IV B-II C-I D-III
(d) A-IV B-II C-I D-III
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
उत्तर: (b) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Explanation: The associations are Akerlof, Peacock–Wiseman, Diamond–Mirrlees, and Tiebout.

व्याख्या: Akerlof rat race; Peacock–Wiseman crises-related spending displacement; Diamond–Mirrlees optimal tax; Tiebout local sorting/voting with feet। AIII BI CIV DII।

Budget and public debt
बजट और सार्वजनिक ऋण

Question 55 / प्रश्न 55

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Which of the following is not true in case of expansionary fiscal policy?
Expansionary fiscal policy कौन नहीं ?

(a) Increase of unemployment benefits and state pensions.
(a) Unemployment benefits/pensions बढ़ाना।
(b) Increase of property taxes to check escalating house prices.
(b) Property taxes बढ़ाना।
(c) Government support for business start-ups through subsidies.
(c) Start-up subsidies।
(d) Increasing of Public Sector Investment on infrastructure.
(d) Public infrastructure investment बढ़ाना।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Increase of property taxes to check escalating house prices.
उत्तर: (b) Property taxes बढ़ाना।

Explanation: Higher property taxes are contractionary rather than expansionary.

व्याख्या: Higher property tax disposable resources/demand घटाने की contractionary measure है। बाकी spending/transfers/subsidies aggregate demand बढ़ाने वाले usual measures हैं।

Question 60 / प्रश्न 60

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Which of the following is not true in case of intergeneration burden of public debt? A. Govt. borrowing can crowdout investment which will reduce future output and wages. B. Future generations may have to bear the burden of paying off the borrowings. C. External generations may have to bear the burden of paying off the borrowings. D. Issuing bonds may decrease investment and thus make future generation worse off indirectly.
Inter generational-debt statements में कौन faulty: A investment crowding out; B future repayment; C “external generations” repayment; D bonds से investment fall future loss।

(a) A only
(a) A केवल
(b) A and B only
(b) A और B केवल
(c) C only
(c) C केवल
(d) B, C and D only
(d) B, C और D केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) C only
उत्तर: (c) C केवल

Explanation: “External generations” is undefined; external debt and future generations are different concepts.

व्याख्या: C का “external generations” कोई defined generation concept नहीं है। External debt और future generations अलग notions हैं। A/B/D possible channels हैं, guaranteed outcomes नहीं; productive debt-financed investment future benefits भी ला सकता है।

June2024 re-exam · 28August2024
जून2024 पुनर्परीक्षा · 28अगस्त2024

Finance Commissions
वित्त आयोग

Question 13 / प्रश्न 13

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Which of the following is the biggest item of grants-in-aid the states assige assigned by the Fifteenth Finance Commission?
15th Finance Commission की grants-in-aid में सबसे बड़ा listed component कौन था?

(a) Disaster risk management grants
(a) Disaster risk management grants।
(b) Revenue deficit grants
(b) Revenue deficit grants।
(c) Local bodies grants
(c) Local bodies grants।
(d) Sectro specific grants
(d) Sector-specific grants।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) Local bodies grants
उत्तर: (c) Local bodies grants।

Explanation: Local-body grants exceeded revenue-deficit grants in the XVFC recommendations.

व्याख्या: 2021–26 recommendations में local governments के grants लगभग ₹4.36 lakh crore थे, revenue deficit grants लगभग ₹2.95 lakh crore से अधिक। इसलिए local bodies सही हैं; tax devolution और grants अलग transfers हैं।

Question 35 / प्रश्न 35

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Arrange the following norms of tax revenue develolution formula of the Fifteenth Finance Commission in order their weightages starting from highest. (A) Income distance (B) Area (C) Demiographic performance (D) Forest and Ecology (E) Tax effort
15th FC criteria को highest weight से रखें: A income distance; B area; C demographic performance; D forest/ecology; E tax effort।

(a) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
(a) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
(b) (A), (D), (B), (E), (C)
(b) (A), (D), (B), (E), (C)
(c) (B), (A), (C), (E), (D)
(c) (B), (A), (C), (E), (D)
(d) (C), (D), (A), (B), (E)
(d) (C), (D), (A), (B), (E)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
उत्तर: (a) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)

Explanation: The listed XVFC weights descend45,15,12.5,10, and2.5%.

व्याख्या: Weights 45%, 15%, 12.5%, 10%, 2.5% हैं: A B C D E। Population 15% भी full formula का हिस्सा है, लेकिन इस question में listed नहीं; पूरी formula की weights 100% होती हैं।

Taxation and incidence
कराधान और कर भार

Question 31 / प्रश्न 31

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Arrange the following taxes in the sequence in which they ware introduced starting from earliest to latest? (A) Commodities Transaction Tax (B) Securities Transaction Tax (C) Banking Cash Transaction Tax (D) Minimum Alterante Tax (E) Angel Tax
Oldest से latest रखें: A Commodities Transaction Tax; B Securities Transaction Tax; C Banking Cash Transaction Tax; D Minimum Alternate Tax; E Angel Tax।

(a) (D), (A), (E), (B), (C)
(a) (D), (A), (E), (B), (C)
(b) (B), (C), (A), (E), (D)
(b) (B), (C), (A), (E), (D)
(c) (D), (B), (C), (E), (A)
(c) (D), (B), (C), (E), (A)
(d) (C), (D), (B), (A), (E)
(d) (C), (D), (B), (A), (E)
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: c — using effective introduction years
उत्तर: प्रभावी introduction years से (c)

Explanation: MAT 1987precedes STT 2004, BCTT 2005, angel-tax implementation, and CTT 2013.

व्याख्या: MAT 1987 (modern reintroduction 1996) → STT 2004 → BCTT 2005 → angel-tax provision effective 2013 assessment year after Finance Act 2012 → CTT 2013। Correct D B C E A। 2008 CTT proposal लागू न होने और 2013 effective levy में अंतर रखें।

Public goods and externalities
सार्वजनिक वस्तुएँ और बाह्यताएँ

Question 47 / प्रश्न 47

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Consider the following statements regarding public good: (A) Public good is nonexclusive (B) Public goods is national defense (C) Public good is rival (D) Public goods provides benefits to people at non-zero marginal cost (E) Public good creates inefficiency in consumption
Public good पर सही statements: A nonexcludable; B national defence example; C rival; D extra consumer को nonzero marginal cost; E consumption में necessarily inefficient।

(a) (A) and (B) only
(a) (A) और (B) केवल
(b) (B) and (C) only
(b) (B) और (C) केवल
(c) (C) and (D) only
(c) (C) और (D) केवल
(d) (D) and (E) only
(d) (D) और (E) केवल
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) (A) and (B) only
उत्तर: (a) (A) और (B) केवल

Explanation: A pure public good is nonrival and nonexcludable; the extra-user marginal cost is ideally zero.

व्याख्या: Pure public good nonrival और nonexcludable है; defence standard example। Existing provision का extra user लाभ लेने का marginal cost ideally zero है। Market underprovision हो सकती है, लेकिन consumption में necessarily inefficiency कहना सही definition नहीं।

Budget and public debt
बजट और सार्वजनिक ऋण

Question 96 / प्रश्न 96

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What was the twin deficit as percentatge of GDP?
Passage में twin deficits GDP के कितने प्रतिशत हैं?

(a) 2.5%
(a) 2.5%
(b) 5.0%
(b) 5.0%
(c) 7.5%
(c) 7.5%
(d) 10.0%
(d) 10.0%
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) 7.5%
उत्तर: (c) 7.5%

Explanation: Fiscal deficit100/GDP 2000=5%.

व्याख्या: Fiscal deficit=400−(250+50)=100; current-account deficit50। Passage convention में twin deficits=(100+50)/2000×100=7.5%। Capital receipts से borrowing हटाकर non-debt receipts50 लेना जरूरी है।

Question 97 / प्रश्न 97

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What was the primary deficit as percventage of GDP?
Passage का primary deficit/GDP क्या है?

(a) 0.2%
(a) 0.2%
(b) 0.3%
(b) 0.3%
(c) 0.4%
(c) 0.4%
(d) 0.5%
(d) 0.5%
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) 0.5%
उत्तर: (d) 0.5%

Explanation: Revenue deficit(300−250)/2000=2.5%.

व्याख्या: Primary deficit=fiscal deficit−interest=100−90=10 crore। GDP ratio10/2000×100=.5%। Interest को revenue expenditure से दोबारा subtract करके double counting न करें।

Question 98 / प्रश्न 98

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What was the effective revenue deficit as percentage of GDP?
Passage का effective revenue deficit/GDP क्या है?

(a) 0.5%
(a) 0.5%
(b) 1.0%
(b) 1.0%
(c) 1.5%
(c) 1.5%
(d) 2.0%
(d) 2.0%
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (c) 1.5%
उत्तर: (c) 1.5%

Explanation: Primary deficit(100−90)/2000=.5%.

व्याख्या: Revenue deficit=300−250=50; effective revenue deficit=50−capital-asset grants20=30। 30/2000×100=1.5%। Grants Centre की accounts में revenue expenditure हो सकती हैं जबकि recipient capital asset बनाता है।

Question 99 / प्रश्न 99

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What was the fiscal deficit as percentage of GDP?
Passage का fiscal deficit/GDP क्या है?

(a) 5%
(a) 5%
(b) 10%
(b) 10%
(c) 12.5%
(c) 12.5%
(d) 15%
(d) 15%
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) 5%
उत्तर: (a) 5%

Explanation: Effective revenue deficit(50−20)/2000=1.5%.

व्याख्या: Total expenditure300+100=400। Non-debt receipts250+(150−100)=300। Fiscal deficit100/2000×100=5%। Borrowings को non-debt receipts में जोड़ने से deficit गलत zero हो जाएगा।

Question 100 / प्रश्न 100

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What was the revenue deficit as percentage of GDP:
Passage का revenue deficit/GDP क्या है?

(a) 2.5%
(a) 2.5%
(b) 3.0%
(b) 3.0%
(c) 3.5%
(c) 3.5%
(d) 4.0%
(d) 4.0%
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) 2.5%
उत्तर: (a) 2.5%

Explanation: Fiscal plus current-account deficit(100+50)/2000=7.5%.

व्याख्या: Revenue expenditure300−revenue receipts250=50 crore। GDP ratio50/2000×100=2.5%। Capital expenditure को revenue-deficit formula में शामिल नहीं करते।

December2024 · held3January2025
दिसंबर2024 · परीक्षा3जनवरी2025

Taxation and incidence
कराधान और कर भार

Question 3 / प्रश्न 3

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Upward equity in taxation requires that:
Taxation में “upward” अर्थात vertical equity क्या मांगती है?

(a) People in different income groups should be taxed equally.
(a) अलग incomes पर equal tax।
(b) Individuals in different income groups should be taxed differently.
(b) अलग income groups का अलग tax treatment।
(c) People in different income groups should be taxed proportionally.
(c) सभी पर proportional tax आवश्यक।
(d) There should be no tax based on individual income.
(d) Income-based tax बिल्कुल नहीं।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (b) Individuals in different income groups should be taxed differently.
उत्तर: (b) अलग income groups का अलग tax treatment।

Explanation: Vertical equity calls for appropriately different treatment of unequal ability to pay.

व्याख्या: Vertical equity unequal ability-to-pay वाले taxpayers के appropriately different treatment की बात है; horizontal equity equal circumstances के समान treatment की। इससे कोई एक exact progressive rate schedule mathematically तय नहीं होता।

Question 11 / प्रश्न 11

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When the percentage of income paid as tax decreases as income increases, it is called a:
Income बढ़ने पर average tax/income ratio घटे तो tax क्या है?

(a) Progressive Tax
(a) Progressive।
(b) Proportional Tax
(b) Proportional।
(c) Neutral Tax
(c) Neutral।
(d) Regressive Tax
(d) Regressive।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Regressive Tax
उत्तर: (d) Regressive।

Explanation: A falling average tax/income ratio defines regressivity.

व्याख्या: Regressivity average effective rate के declining होने से है। Example income100 पर tax10 और income200 पर tax15: absolute tax बढ़ता है, लेकिन rate10% से 7.5% घटती है।

Question 76 / प्रश्न 76

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The advantages of indirect taxes are: (A) Their evasion (avoidance) is difficult. (B) They are elastic in nature. (C) Their payment is easy. (D) They are based on the taxpayer's ability to pay.
Indirect-tax advantages के listed claims: A evasion difficult; B elastic; C convenient payment; D ability-to-pay based।

(a) Only C, B
(a) केवल C, B
(b) Only C, D
(b) केवल C, D
(c) Only A, B, C
(c) केवल A, B, C
(d) Only A, C, D
(d) केवल A, C, D
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: c — textbook generalisations, not universal properties
उत्तर: generalisations की शर्त

Explanation: The listed advantages are textbook generalisations; compliance and elasticity depend on actual tax design.

व्याख्या: Textbook intended A B C है; D income-based ability-to-pay की direct-tax feature है। Indirect taxes की evasion हमेशा कठिन या revenue elasticity हमेशा high नहीं; design, compliance, base और specific/ad valorem structure matter करते हैं। Evasion और legal avoidance भी अलग हैं।

Public goods and externalities
सार्वजनिक वस्तुएँ और बाह्यताएँ

Question 15 / प्रश्न 15

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Match List I with List II.
Public/resource economics concepts match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Lindahl
लिंडाल
I Public/club goods provision
सार्वजनिक/club goods provision
B Club theory
क्लब सिद्धांत
II Bureaucratic employment growth
नौकरशाही expansion
C Parkinson law
पार्किन्सन नियम
III Personalised public-good prices
व्यक्तिगत सार्वजनिक-वस्तु prices
D Hotelling rule
होटेलिंग नियम
IV Exhaustible-resource pricing
क्षयशील संसाधनों का मूल्य
(a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(b) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(b) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(c) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(c) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(d) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(d) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
उत्तर: (a) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV

Explanation: Lindahl uses personalised prices; club theory membership; Parkinson bureaucracy; Hotelling resource rents.

व्याख्या: Lindahl personalised benefit-tax shares, club theory excludable jointly consumed goods और optimal membership, Parkinson bureaucratic growth, Hotelling scarcity rent dynamics। Club goods को pure nonexcludable public goods न मानें।

Question 65 / प्रश्न 65

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Match List I with List II.
Externalities को examples से match करें।

ListI
सूचीI
ListII
सूचीII
A Positive consumption
धनात्मक उपभोग बाह्यता
I Midnight motorcycle noise
आधी रात noise
B Positive production
धनात्मक उत्पादन बाह्यता
II Beekeeping near flowers
फूलों के पास मधुमक्खियाँ
C Negative consumption
ऋणात्मक उपभोग बाह्यता
III Paper-mill river pollution
नदी में paper-mill waste
D Negative production
ऋणात्मक उत्पादन बाह्यता
IV House cleaning benefits neighbours
सफाई से पड़ोस का benefit
(a) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(a) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(b) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(b) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
(c) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(c) A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
(d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (a) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
उत्तर: (a) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Explanation: Classify both the source and sign of third-party effects; private benefits alone are not externalities.

व्याख्या: Consumption/production source और third-party effect का sign दोनों देखें। House cleaning तभी external benefit है जब neighbours को benefit मिलता हो; private cleanliness alone externality नहीं। Beekeeping/flowers pollination spillover positive production example है।

Budget and public debt
बजट और सार्वजनिक ऋण

Question 52 / प्रश्न 52

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Which of the following is NOT true?
Public debt/taxation पर कौन सा statement intended false है?

(a) Debt transfers funds from the public to the government.
(a) Borrowing public से government funds transfer करती है।
(b) Public borrowing reduces consumption.
(b) Borrowing consumption घटाती है।
(c) Taxation reduces consumption.
(c) Taxation consumption घटाती है।
(d) Government borrowing does not affect income distribution.
(d) Borrowing income distribution को प्रभावित नहीं करती।
Answer & Explanation / उत्तर और व्याख्या
Answer: (d) Government borrowing does not affect income distribution.
उत्तर: (d) Borrowing income distribution को प्रभावित नहीं करती।

Explanation: Public debt can affect distribution through ownership, taxes, and interest receipts; consumption effects are model-dependent.

व्याख्या: Borrowing interest receipts, taxes और asset ownership के distribution से income distribution बदल सकती है। Consumption पर borrowing/taxes के effects model/financing source पर depend करते हैं; बाकी statements को every-state universal causal rules न समझें।