UGC NET Economics June 2025 Unit 5: International Economics PYQs (English–Hindi)

Chart III.12 of the Economic Survey places the selected countries in the order China, Russia, India, South Africa and United Kingdom for Q2 FY25. India’s current account balance is −1.2% of GDP in that quarter.
Economic Survey के Chart III.12 में Q2 FY25 के लिए selected countries का क्रम China, Russia, India, South Africa और United Kingdom है। उस quarter में India का current account balance GDP का −1.2% है।

Descending order means a larger signed balance first: a surplus exceeds a deficit, and −1.2 exceeds a more negative deficit. Do not rank only by absolute deficit size.
Descending order में बड़ा signed balance पहले आता है: surplus deficit से बड़ा और −1.2 किसी अधिक negative deficit से बड़ा है। केवल deficit की absolute size से rank न करें।

Current account includes trade in goods and services, primary income and secondary income or current transfers. Invisible services and current unilateral transfers such as remittances fit A and C.
Current account में goods और services trade, primary income तथा secondary income या current transfers आते हैं। Invisible services और remittances जैसे current unilateral transfers A तथा C में हैं।

FDI and external borrowing are financial account transactions. SDR allocations create reserve asset and liability entries rather than current income. Distinguish current transfers from capital transfers when using modern BoP terminology.
FDI और foreign borrowing financial account transactions हैं। SDR allocation current income के बजाय reserve asset और liability entries बनाता है। Modern BoP में current transfers को capital transfers से अलग रखें।

Income induced BoP adjustment is linked to Keynesian income expenditure analysis. The absorption approach is associated with Sidney S Alexander; the impossible trinity with Mundell Fleming analysis; and factor price equalisation with Paul Samuelson.
Income induced BoP adjustment Keynesian income expenditure analysis से जुड़ा है। Absorption approach—Sidney S Alexander; impossible trinity—Mundell Fleming analysis; factor price equalisation—Paul Samuelson।

The trilemma says an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital mobility and independent monetary policy. It can fully choose only two of those three objectives.
Trilemma में fixed exchange rate, free capital mobility और independent monetary policy तीनों एक साथ पूरी तरह बनाए नहीं रख सकते; इनमें केवल दो objectives fully choose कर सकते हैं।

The sequence is OPEC oil shock (1973, followed by another in 1979), international debt crisis (1982), East Asian financial crisis (1997), Argentine crisis (especially 2001–02), and euro area sovereign debt crisis (from 2009–10).
क्रम है OPEC oil shock (1973, फिर 1979), international debt crisis (1982), East Asian crisis (1997), Argentine crisis (खासकर 2001–02), और euro area sovereign debt crisis (2009–10 से)।

These dates identify the familiar crises referred to in the question; the exact start date of a prolonged crisis may vary without changing this sequence.
ये dates question में implied familiar crises की हैं; prolonged crisis की exact starting date अलग मानी जाए तो भी यहाँ sequence नहीं बदलता।

In the standard two good two factor competitive model, a higher relative price of a good raises the real reward of the factor used intensively in that good and lowers the real reward of the other factor.
Standard two good two factor competitive model में किसी good की relative price बढ़े तो उसमें intensively used factor का real reward बढ़ता और दूसरे factor का real reward घटता है।

Example: if cloth is labour intensive, a higher relative cloth price raises labour’s real wage under the theorem’s assumptions. Factor intensity describes a production activity; factor abundance describes an economy’s relative endowment.
Example: cloth labour intensive हो तो उसकी relative price बढ़ने पर theorem की assumptions में labour की real wage बढ़ती है। Factor intensity production activity की विशेषता है; factor abundance economy के relative endowment की।

Specific factors model is associated with Samuelson and Ronald Jones; immiserizing growth with Jagdish Bhagwati; mercantilism with Thomas Mun; and the long term deterioration of primary commodity terms of trade with Prebisch and Singer.
Specific factors model—Samuelson और Ronald Jones; immiserizing growth—Jagdish Bhagwati; mercantilism—Thomas Mun; और primary commodities के terms of trade की secular deterioration—Prebisch तथा Singer।

Immiserizing growth means that an adverse terms of trade effect can outweigh the direct benefit of growth under particular conditions. It does not mean every increase in output reduces welfare.
Immiserizing growth में particular conditions पर adverse terms of trade effect, growth के direct benefit से अधिक हो सकता है। हर output increase welfare घटाता है, ऐसा अर्थ नहीं है।

In the five phase presentation used here, the imitator first supplies its home market, then becomes cost competitive in third markets in phase IV, and later can challenge the innovator in the innovator’s own market in phase V.
यहाँ इस्तेमाल five phase presentation में imitator पहले अपना home market supply करता है, फिर phase IV में third markets में cost competitive होता है और phase V में innovator के अपने market में उसे challenge कर सकता है।

Stage numbering is presentation dependent. Vernon’s product cycle is also commonly taught with three broad product stages; do not transfer the Roman stage labels between those versions.
Stage numbering presentation पर निर्भर है। Vernon product cycle को तीन broad product stages में भी पढ़ाते हैं; अलग versions के Roman stage labels को सीधे interchange न करें।

The physical criterion compares endowments: B is capital abundant if its capital labour ratio exceeds A’s. In the standard price definition, relative capital is cheaper in B, so its rental wage ratio is lower.
Physical criterion में endowments compare करते हैं: B का capital labour ratio A से अधिक हो तो B capital abundant है। Standard price definition में B में relative capital सस्ता है, इसलिए rental wage ratio कम है।

Example: K/L is 4 in B and 2 in A, indicating physical capital abundance in B. Statement E compares a quantity ratio with a price ratio across countries and is not a valid abundance criterion. The price and quantity definitions coincide only under suitable model assumptions.
Example: B में K/L = 4 और A में 2 हो तो B physically capital abundant है। E में quantity ratio को दूसरे देश के price ratio से compare किया है; यह valid criterion नहीं। Price और quantity definitions suitable model assumptions में ही समान निष्कर्ष देती हैं।

A and B reflect the policy’s promotion of cross border e-commerce. C summarises the prohibition on arms related trade with Iraq, but the policy permits exports to the Government of Iraq subject to a no objection certificate from the Department of Defence Production. D is the prohibition on charcoal imports from Somalia.
A और B cross border e-commerce को promote करने वाली policy बताते हैं। C Iraq से arms related trade prohibition का summary है; Government of Iraq को exports Department of Defence Production के NOC की शर्त पर permitted हैं। D Somalia से charcoal import prohibition है।

E is false: the policy restricts specified arms and related trade with the DPRK rather than promoting it. The intended option is (d); C should not be read as an absolute ban without exceptions.
E गलत है: DPRK के साथ specified arms और related trade promote करने के बजाय restricted है। Intended option (d) है; C को exceptions के बिना absolute ban न समझें।

Formula: Effective rate of protection. Use: Measure the percentage protection to domestic value added, not merely the tariff on the final product.
Formula: Effective protection rate। उपयोग: Domestic value added की protection मापना, केवल final product tariff नहीं।

Worked example: t = 0.20, tᵢ = 0.10 and aᵢ = 0.50 give g = (0.20 − 0.05)/0.50 = 0.30 or 30%. Use tariff rates as consistent decimals or percentages; do not add the input tariff in the numerator.
Worked example: t = 0.20, tᵢ = 0.10, aᵢ = 0.50 से g = (0.20 − 0.05)/0.50 = 0.30 यानी 30%। Tariff rates की units consistent रखें; numerator में input tariff को add न करें।

Kennedy Round 1964–67 → Tokyo Round 1973–79 → Uruguay Round 1986–94 → proposed Millennium Round at Seattle 1999 → Doha Round launched 2001.
Kennedy Round 1964–67 → Tokyo Round 1973–79 → Uruguay Round 1986–94 → Seattle 1999 का proposed Millennium Round → Doha Round 2001।

The Seattle Ministerial failed to launch the proposed Millennium Round. The chronological option is (d), but describing Seattle 1999 as a successfully launched formal round would be incorrect.
Seattle Ministerial में proposed Millennium Round launch नहीं हो पाया। Chronological option (d) है, लेकिन Seattle 1999 को successfully launched formal round बताना गलत होगा।