UGC NET Economics June 2025 Unit 8: Growth and Development Economics PYQs (English–Hindi)

The intended conditions are a rapidly expanding market, spillover or secondary expansion, adequate continuing capital supply and productivity gains from new techniques. A leading sector stimulates related activities rather than remaining isolated.
Intended conditions हैं तेजी से बढ़ता market, secondary expansion या spillovers, adequate continuing capital supply तथा new techniques से productivity growth। Leading sector संबंधित activities को भी stimulate करता है।

Example: a rapidly growing textile industry can expand demand for machinery, transport and finance. E merely repeats that structural changes should be structural and is not an additional substantive condition.
Example: तेजी से बढ़ती textile industry machinery, transport और finance की demand बढ़ा सकती है। E में structural changes को structural बताना tautology है; यह अलग substantive condition नहीं।

The natural rate reflects the long run growth capacity allowed by labour force growth and productivity. Actual growth may temporarily exceed it, but a permanently faster rate cannot be sustained with those capacity limits unchanged.
Natural rate labour force और productivity की long run growth capacity दर्शाती है। Actual growth temporary रूप से उससे ऊपर हो सकती है, लेकिन unchanged capacity limits में लगातार अधिक rate sustain नहीं हो सकती।

The balanced full employment condition is g = gw = gn. Warranted growth is the rate consistent with firms’ desired capital utilisation; it is not the same concept as natural growth.
Balanced full employment condition g = gw = gn है। Warranted growth firms के desired capital utilisation के अनुरूप rate है; यह natural growth से अलग concept है।

A distribution sensitive growth measure asks who receives income gains. Conventional aggregate growth can be dominated by high income groups because they have large income shares. Poverty oriented weights give meaningful weight to poorer groups’ gains rather than treating them as negligible.
Distribution sensitive growth measure पूछता है कि income gains किसे मिल रहे हैं। High income shares के कारण conventional aggregate growth में rich groups का असर अधिक हो सकता है। Poverty oriented weights poor groups के gains को meaningful importance देते हैं।

Option (a) is the best of the offered choices. More generally such indices can assign greater social weight to gains of the poor; equal weights are not the only possible poverty sensitive design.
दिए choices में (a) best है। ऐसे indices poor groups के gains को greater social weight भी दे सकते हैं; equal weighting अकेला possible design नहीं है।

The Theory of Economic Growth by W Arthur Lewis was published in 1955; Solow’s A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth in 1956; Hirschman’s The Strategy of Economic Development in 1958; Rostow’s The Stages of Economic Growth in 1960; and Myrdal’s Asian Drama in 1968.
W Arthur Lewis की Theory of Economic Growth 1955, Solow का A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth 1956, Hirschman की Strategy of Economic Development 1958, Rostow की Stages of Economic Growth 1960 और Myrdal की Asian Drama 1968 की हैं।

Memory sequence: Lewis → Solow → Hirschman → Rostow → Myrdal. Solow’s 1956 work is an article, whereas the other listed titles are books.
याद रखें: Lewis → Solow → Hirschman → Rostow → Myrdal। Solow की 1956 work article है; बाकी listed titles books हैं।

Higher population growth dilutes capital per worker, lowering the steady state level of capital and output per worker. It raises the balanced growth rate of aggregate output. Thus A and C are standard results and B is false.
Higher population growth से capital per worker dilute होता है और steady state capital तथा output per worker कम होते हैं। Aggregate output की balanced growth rate बढ़ती है। इसलिए A और C standard results और B गलत है।

Formula: Steady state capital output ratio. Use: Check whether D also follows from capital accumulation in the standard model.
Formula: Steady state capital output ratio। उपयोग: Standard capital accumulation से D भी सही है या नहीं जाँचना।

Holding saving s, technology growth g and depreciation δ fixed, increasing n lowers K/Y, so D is also true. Example: s = 0.20, g = 0 and δ = 0.05 give K/Y = 2.5 at n = 0.03 and 2.0 at n = 0.05.
s, technology growth g और depreciation δ fixed हों तो n बढ़ने पर K/Y घटता है; D भी true है। Example: s = 0.20, g = 0, δ = 0.05 में n = 0.03 पर K/Y = 2.5 तथा n = 0.05 पर 2.0 है।

The book selects (c), A C only, but that omits D. None of the options lists A C D. Higher population growth does not by itself imply an inward shift of the aggregate production possibility frontier.
Book (c), A C only देती है, लेकिन उसमें D छूट गया है। A C D का कोई option नहीं है। Higher population growth अपने आप aggregate production possibility frontier का inward shift नहीं बताती।

A higher saving rate initially raises investment above the amount needed to maintain the old capital intensity. Capital and output per worker grow faster during the transition to a higher level steady state.
Higher saving rate से initially investment, old capital intensity बनाए रखने की जरूरत से अधिक हो जाता है। Higher level steady state तक transition में capital और output per worker तेजी से बढ़ते हैं।

With exogenous population and technological growth, the long run growth rate returns to its model determined rate; the saving rate changes levels, not that permanent growth rate. This is a level effect versus growth effect distinction.
Exogenous population और technology growth में long run growth rate फिर model determined rate पर आती है; saving rate levels बदलती है, permanent growth rate नहीं। यह level effect और growth effect का अंतर है।

Kaldor’s first law links GDP growth to manufacturing output growth. The second, also associated with Verdoorn, links manufacturing productivity growth with manufacturing output growth. The third links productivity outside manufacturing to industrial expansion and labour reallocation.
Kaldor first law GDP growth को manufacturing output growth से जोड़ती है। Second, Verdoorn law से संबंधित, manufacturing productivity growth को manufacturing output growth से जोड़ती है। Third outside manufacturing productivity को industrial expansion और labour reallocation से जोड़ती है।

Okun’s gap relation connects a positive unemployment gap with a negative output gap, explaining the minus sign in II. Use the notation supplied in this question; productivity growth and productivity levels should not be interchanged in a formal empirical equation.
Okun gap relation में positive unemployment gap के साथ negative output gap आता है; इसलिए II में minus sign है। इस question की notation लें; formal empirical equation में productivity growth और productivity level interchange न करें।