UGC NET Economics June 2025 Unit 9: Environmental Economics and Demography PYQs (English–Hindi)

If rights are clearly defined and enforceable and transaction costs are negligible, parties can bargain toward an efficient outcome. Depending on who initially holds the entitlement, the polluter may pay the victim for permission or the victim may pay the polluter for abatement.
Rights clear और enforceable हों तथा transaction costs negligible हों तो parties bargaining से efficient outcome पर पहुँच सकती हैं। Initial entitlement के अनुसार polluter victim को permission का payment या victim polluter को pollution घटाने का payment कर सकता है।

A pollution tax is not required by this bargaining result, and equal bargaining power is not guaranteed. The initial rights allocation affects who pays and the distribution of gains even when the standard efficiency result holds.
इस bargaining result में pollution tax जरूरी नहीं और equal bargaining power guaranteed नहीं है। Standard efficiency result लागू होने पर भी initial rights तय करते हैं कि payment कौन करेगा और gains कैसे बँटेंगे।

Property rights define entitlements to use a resource, earn income from it and transfer relevant rights. Clear and enforceable rights help identify who may bargain over resource use and who bears costs or receives benefits.
Property rights resource use करने, उससे income पाने और relevant rights transfer करने के entitlements बताते हैं। Clear और enforceable rights से पता चलता है कि resource use पर bargaining कौन कर सकता है तथा costs और benefits किसके हैं।

Example: ownership of land may include the right to farm it, lease it and sell it, subject to applicable restrictions. The concept is broader than government ownership and does not generally prohibit earning income.
Example: land ownership में applicable restrictions के साथ farming, leasing और selling rights हो सकते हैं। Concept केवल government ownership तक सीमित नहीं और सामान्यतः income कमाने को prohibit नहीं करता।

A states the Pareto criterion: an allocation is efficient when no feasible change can help someone without hurting someone else. E is also a standard possibility: internalising an externality can improve resource allocation.
A Pareto criterion है: ऐसा feasible change न हो जो किसी को better off करे और किसी को worse off न करे, तो allocation efficient है। E भी standard possibility है: externality internalise करने से allocation improve हो सकता है।

B and C repeat exactly the same statement, making choices (b), A B E, and (c), A C E, substantively indistinguishable. The print therefore does not support one uniquely defensible option.
B और C बिल्कुल वही statement repeat करते हैं; इसलिए option (b), A B E, और (c), A C E, का substantive अर्थ एक ही है। Printed question से एक unique defensible option नहीं चुना जा सकता।

Efficiency and equity are separate ideas. A Pareto efficient allocation need not be equal or socially fair; broad claims about all societal value judgements should not replace the precise Pareto definition.
Efficiency और equity अलग हैं। Pareto efficient allocation equal या socially fair होना जरूरी नहीं; broad societal value judgements को precise Pareto definition का substitute न बनाएँ।

Rio Earth Summit 1992 → Kyoto Protocol adopted 1997 → Stockholm Convention adopted 2001 → UN REDD Programme launched 2008 → Minamata Convention adopted 2013.
Rio Earth Summit 1992 → Kyoto Protocol adoption 1997 → Stockholm Convention adoption 2001 → UN REDD Programme launch 2008 → Minamata Convention adoption 2013।

Use adoption or launch dates for this list. Entry into force is different: Kyoto entered into force in 2005, Stockholm in 2004 and Minamata in 2017. Mixing those dates can change your ordering incorrectly.
इस list में adoption या launch dates लें। Entry into force अलग है: Kyoto 2005, Stockholm 2004 और Minamata 2017। दोनों तरह की dates मिलाने से order गलत हो सकता है।

Kuznets is associated with the original income inequality inverted U hypothesis; the Brundtland Commission’s 1987 Our Common Future with the familiar sustainable development formulation; Herman Daly with ecological economics; and Garrett Hardin with The Tragedy of the Commons.
Kuznets original income inequality inverted U hypothesis से, Brundtland Commission की 1987 Our Common Future familiar sustainable development formulation से, Herman Daly ecological economics और Garrett Hardin Tragedy of the Commons से संबंधित हैं।

The environmental Kuznets curve is a later application of an inverted U idea to environmental indicators. Do not claim Kuznets originally proposed the pollution income curve merely because it bears his name.
Environmental Kuznets curve, inverted U idea का environmental indicators पर बाद का application है। केवल नाम के कारण यह न मानें कि Kuznets ने originally pollution income curve propose की थी।

Malthus is associated with population growth and resource limits; Warren Thompson with the early demographic transition formulation; John Graunt with the foundations of demography; and Alfred Sauvy with coining Third World in 1952.
Malthus population growth और resource limits, Warren Thompson early demographic transition formulation, John Graunt demography की foundations और Alfred Sauvy 1952 में Third World term coin करने से संबंधित हैं।

The correct matching is A IV B III C II D I, absent from the four choices. The book explanation also swaps Graunt and Sauvy in its table; do not learn that swapped version.
Correct matching A IV B III C II D I है, जो चार choices में नहीं है। Book explanation की table में Graunt और Sauvy उलटे दिए हैं; उस swapped version को याद न करें।