UGC NET Economics 2012 Unit 8: Growth and Development Economics PYQs (English–Hindi)

Formula: Warranted growth condition. Use: Relate the saving ratio and the capital output coefficient in the simple model.
Formula: Warranted growth condition। उपयोग: Simple model में saving ratio और capital output coefficient को जोड़ना।

If s = 0.20 and v = 4, the warranted growth rate is 5%. Investment also creates demand and productive capacity; sustained growth requires those effects to remain consistent. The saving investment condition is the intended answer here.
s = 0.20 और v = 4 पर warranted growth 5% है। Investment demand और productive capacity दोनों बनाती है; sustained growth में दोनों effects का तालमेल चाहिए। यहाँ saving investment condition intended answer है।

Warranted growth is consistent with firms’ desired capital utilisation. Natural growth is the sustainable capacity growth permitted by labour force and productivity. Harrod’s full employment balanced path requires actual, warranted and natural growth to coincide.
Warranted growth firms के desired capital utilisation के अनुरूप है। Natural growth labour force और productivity से permitted sustainable capacity growth है। Harrod के balanced full employment path में actual, warranted और natural growth समान होती हैं।

Investment and productivity matter to the model, but the named pair requested by these options is warranted and natural growth. Do not use the two labels interchangeably.
Investment और productivity महत्वपूर्ण हैं, लेकिन इन options में पूछा गया named pair warranted और natural growth है। दोनों labels को एक अर्थ में न लें।

HDI combines health, education and living standards. Life expectancy at birth measures health. Older HDI presentations used real GDP per capita; the 2010 redesign uses GNI per capita, together with mean and expected years of schooling for education.
HDI health, education और living standards को जोड़ता है। Health के लिए life expectancy at birth है। पुराने HDI में real GDP per capita था; 2010 redesign में GNI per capita तथा education के लिए mean और expected years of schooling उपयोग होते हैं।

Infant mortality and morbidity are not direct HDI inputs. Option (a) is the historical keyed answer, but II is not the exact income variable in the revised methodology already in use by 2012. Education, the third dimension, is also missing from this list.
Infant mortality और morbidity HDI के direct inputs नहीं हैं। Historical key में (a) है, लेकिन revised methodology जो 2012 तक लागू थी, उसमें II exact income variable नहीं है। Education की तीसरी dimension भी इस list में नहीं है।

Hirschman emphasised deliberately creating imbalances that induce investment through backward and forward linkages. Singer is also associated with the unbalanced growth approach. Nurkse is associated with balanced growth, while Solow is a neoclassical growth modeller.
Hirschman ने backward और forward linkages से induced investment पैदा करने वाले strategic imbalances पर जोर दिया। Singer भी unbalanced growth से जुड़े हैं। Nurkse balanced growth और Solow neoclassical growth model से संबंधित हैं।

Example: investment in a steel plant can stimulate demand for inputs and expansion of industries using steel. The point is a development sequence under resource constraints, not that every imbalance is beneficial.
Example: steel plant में investment से inputs की demand और steel इस्तेमाल करने वाले industries का expansion बढ़ सकता है। यह limited resources में development sequence की बात है; हर imbalance अच्छा होना इसका अर्थ नहीं।

The intended setting is the neoclassical model, where substitutable factors and diminishing returns allow capital intensity to adjust. Under its standard stability assumptions, a ratio below steady state rises and one above steady state falls.
Intended setting neoclassical model है, जहाँ factor substitution और diminishing returns से capital intensity adjust होती है। Standard stability assumptions में steady state से नीचे ratio बढ़ती और ऊपर ratio घटती है।

Formula: Solow capital per worker dynamics. Use: Compare actual investment with capital dilution and replacement needs.
Formula: Solow capital per worker dynamics। उपयोग: Actual investment को capital dilution और replacement needs से compare करना।

Example: f(k) = √k, s = 0.2 and n + δ = 0.1 give k* = 4. At k = 1, net change is +0.1; at k = 9 it is −0.3. Variable coefficients alone do not establish stability without the other model assumptions.
f(k) = √k, s = 0.2 और n + δ = 0.1 पर k* = 4 है। k = 1 पर net change +0.1 और k = 9 पर −0.3 है। केवल variable coefficients, बाकी assumptions के बिना, stability की guarantee नहीं हैं।

In a stationary state, net capital accumulation stops. Classical discussions connect this to natural resource constraints, diminishing returns and declining profit incentives. Option (b) is the intended account, but “capital scarcity” alone is not a universal explanation of stagnation.
Stationary state में net capital accumulation रुकती है। Classical discussion इसे natural resource constraints, diminishing returns और घटते profit incentives से जोड़ती है। (b) intended answer है, लेकिन केवल “capital scarcity” stagnation की universal explanation नहीं है।

Formula: Net capital accumulation. Use: Separate replacement investment from an increase in the capital stock.
Formula: Net capital accumulation। उपयोग: Replacement investment और capital stock में वृद्धि के बीच अंतर करना।

With K = 100, depreciation 10 and gross investment 10, net accumulation is zero even though investment occurs. Do not learn that a stationary economy has no gross investment at all.
K = 100, depreciation 10 और gross investment 10 पर net accumulation zero है, जबकि investment हो रही है। Stationary economy में हर प्रकार की gross investment zero होती है, ऐसा न याद करें।

Birth dates give Smith 1723 → Malthus 1766 → Ricardo 1772 → J S Mill 1806. The familiar major works also give Smith’s Wealth of Nations 1776 → Malthus’s Essay on Population 1798 → Ricardo’s Principles 1817 → Mill’s Principles 1848. Both support (a).
Birth dates: Smith 1723 → Malthus 1766 → Ricardo 1772 → J S Mill 1806। Familiar major works: Wealth of Nations 1776 → Essay on Population 1798 → Ricardo की Principles 1817 → Mill की Principles 1848। दोनों criteria (a) देते हैं।

The official 2012 key and compilation give (b). Since the question does not specify another chronology criterion, do not memorise Ricardo before Malthus as a birth or publication chronology.
Official 2012 key और compilation में (b) है। Question कोई दूसरा chronology criterion नहीं बताता, इसलिए birth या publication chronology में Ricardo को Malthus से पहले याद न करें।

The historical key uses (b): departure from the stationary circular flow, innovation, bank credit and swarm like clusters. In this exposition, the first phrase names the transition to development; innovation and finance describe its mechanism, followed by diffusion and imitation.
Historical key में (b) है: stationary circular flow से departure, innovation, bank credit और swarm like clusters। इस exposition में पहला phrase development की ओर transition का नाम है; innovation और finance mechanism तथा clusters उसके diffusion को बताते हैं।

Conceptually, credit finances the implementation of new combinations and innovations disturb the old circular flow. Thus this is not a strict causal timeline that requires the economy to change before innovation occurs. Distinguish the keyed teaching order from the financing and innovation mechanism.
Conceptually credit नए combinations को implement करने में मदद करता है और innovations पुराने circular flow को बदलती हैं। इसलिए इसे ऐसा strict causal timeline न समझें जिसमें innovation से पहले ही economy बदलनी जरूरी हो। Keyed teaching order और actual mechanism अलग रखें।

Among the stages listed, the sequence is traditional society → take off → drive to maturity → age of high mass consumption. This gives II III IV I.
दी गई stages में क्रम है traditional society → take off → drive to maturity → age of high mass consumption। इसलिए II III IV I।

Rostow’s full five stage presentation also includes the preconditions for take off between traditional society and take off. That stage is omitted from the question’s list, not from the theory.
Rostow की पूरी five stage presentation में traditional society और take off के बीच preconditions for take off भी है। यह stage question की list से गायब है, theory से नहीं।

Invisible hand—Adam Smith; the warrior knight description of the entrepreneur—Schumpeter; PQLI—Morris D Morris; surplus value—Karl Marx. The matching is 2 3 4 1.
Invisible hand—Adam Smith; entrepreneur के warrior knight description—Schumpeter; PQLI—Morris D Morris; surplus value—Karl Marx। Matching 2 3 4 1 है।

PQLI combines basic literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy at age one. Unlike HDI, it does not contain a per capita income component. The warrior knight wording is a descriptive metaphor, not a separate formal growth model.
PQLI basic literacy, infant mortality और age one पर life expectancy को जोड़ता है। HDI के विपरीत इसमें per capita income component नहीं है। Warrior knight एक descriptive metaphor है, अलग formal growth model नहीं।

Four sector model—Mahalanobis; critical minimum effort—Harvey Leibenstein; big push—Paul Rosenstein Rodan; unlimited labour supply—W Arthur Lewis. Hence 3 4 1 2.
Four sector model—Mahalanobis; critical minimum effort—Harvey Leibenstein; big push—Paul Rosenstein Rodan; unlimited labour supply—W Arthur Lewis। इसलिए 3 4 1 2।

Big push concerns coordinated investment and complementarities. Critical minimum effort concerns a sufficiently large initial effort to overcome forces holding income low. Lewis explains structural transformation with surplus labour; these are related development issues but different mechanisms.
Big push coordinated investment और complementarities की बात करता है। Critical minimum effort low income बनाए रखने वाली forces से निकलने के लिए sufficiently large initial effort की बात है। Lewis surplus labour के साथ structural transformation explain करते हैं; इनके mechanisms अलग हैं।